Evaluation of the avian acute oral and sub-acute dietary toxicity test for pesticide registration

Abstract

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), as well as other international regulatory agencies, require pesticide registrants to submit toxicity data that are used to conduct ecological risk assessments. While the USEPA has required both an acute oral and sub-acute dietary test in birds, trends in the use of data from these tests over the past 20 years have suggested that the avian sub-acute dietary test generally does not contribute to risk assessment conclusions. To address this question, a retrospective analysis was conducted to evaluate 119 pesticides with publicly available ecological risk assessments that were registered into commerce between 1998 and 2017. New pesticides (i.e., registered in the United States within the past 20 years) were chosen for the retrospective analysis to show utility of these tests for modern pesticide chemistries. Risk quotient (RQ) values (a point estimate of exposure divided by a deterministic toxicity endpoint) from the avian acute oral and dietary tests, as well as risk assessment conclusions, were compared to determine which test(s) drove the risk assessment findings. The RQ values were chosen as the data point for comparison in order to assess total risk (i.e., exposure and toxicity). After comparing RQ values from avian acute oral versus sub-acute dietary tests, there was only one case in which an avian sub-acute dietary RQ was greater than the acute oral RQ. Thus, the sub-acute dietary test did not identify risk in greater than 99% (118 out of 119) of chemicals based on results that either the acute oral RQ was higher than the sub-acute dietary RQ, or both the acute oral and the subacute dietary tests did not generate an RQ value of concern. For the one exception, both the oral and sub-acute RQ values were greater than the USEPA's level of concern for endangered species. Based on the results of the retrospective analysis, it is concluded that in most cases avian risk can confidently be assessed without conducting the sub-acute dietary test.

Fig. 1.

Bar graph used to illustrate acute oral versus sub-acute dietary RQ values. RQ values greater than 3 are removed as outliers for figure resolution: Acetamiprid (oral = 3.83, diet = 0.03), Benzovindiflupyr (oral = 4.6, diet = 0.01), Fluensulfone (oral = 7.25, diet = 0.15), Furfural (oral = 309.97, diet = na). Avian LOC: ≥ 0.10 for listed species, ≥ 0.50 acute risk, and ≥ 1.0 chronic risk.

Fig. 2.

Comparison of the highest RQ values recorded for acute oral versus sub-acute dietary test by chemical class. Chemical classes containing RQ values greater than 3 are removed as outliers for figure resolution: Acetamiprid (oral = 3.83, diet = 0.03), pyrazole-4-carboxamides (oral = 4.6, diet = 0.01), Fluensulfone (chemical class = NA, oral = 7.25, diet = 0.15), Furfural (chemical class = NA, oral = 309.97, diet = NA). Avian LOC: ≥ 0.10 for listed species, ≥ 0.50 acute risk, and ≥ 1.0 chronic risk. NA = not available.