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. 2019 Mar 28;24(7):1226.
doi: 10.3390/molecules24071226.

Liquid Phase and Microwave-Assisted Extractions for Multicomponent Phenolic Pattern Determination of Five Romanian Galium Species Coupled with Bioassays

Andrei Mocan  1 , Alina Diuzheva  2 , Sabin Bădărău  3 , Cadmiel Moldovan  4 , Vasil Andruch  5 , Simone Carradori  6 , Cristina Campestre  7 , Angela Tartaglia  8 , Marta De Simone  9 , Dan Vodnar  10 , Matteo Tiecco  11 , Raimondo Germani  12 , Gianina Crișan  13 , Marcello Locatelli  14
Affiliations

Liquid Phase and Microwave-Assisted Extractions for Multicomponent Phenolic Pattern Determination of Five Romanian Galium Species Coupled with Bioassays

Andrei Mocan et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Background: Galium is a plant rich in iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, anthraquinones, and small amounts of essential oils and vitamin C. Recent works showed the antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antioxidant activity of this plant genus. Methods: For the determination of the multicomponent phenolic pattern, liquid phase microextraction procedures were applied, combined with HPLC-PDA instrument configuration in five Galium species aerial parts (G. verum, G. album, G. rivale, G. pseudoaristatum, and G. purpureum). Dispersive Liquid⁻Liquid MicroExtraction (DLLME) with NaCl and NAtural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) medium and Ultrasound-Assisted (UA)-DLLME with β-cyclodextrin medium were optimized. Results: The optimal DLLME conditions were found to be: 10 mg of the sample, 10% NaCl, 15% NADES or 1% β-cyclodextrin as extraction solvent-400 μL of ethyl acetate as dispersive solvent-300 μL of ethanol, vortex time-30 s, extraction time-1 min, centrifugation at 12000× g for 5 min. Conclusions: These results were compared with microwave-assisted extraction procedures. G. purpureum and G. verum extracts showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. The most potent extract in terms of antioxidant capacity was obtained from G. purpureum, whereas the extract obtained from G. album exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against tyrosinase.

Keywords: Galium/i species; dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; microwave-assisted extraction; natural deep eutectic solvent; tyrosinase inhibition; β-cyclodextrin.

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Conflict of interest statement

Authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Selection of microextraction procedure. # TCPC—Total concentration of phenolic compounds. Values expressed are means ± S.D. of three measurements. All the values were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Raw data regarding the statistical analyses were reported in Supplementary Materials section S1.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Optimization of DLLME, UA-DLLME, and MAE. (a) Effect of medium concentration; (b) Effect of solid:liquid ratio; (c) Selection of extraction solvent; (d) Effect of extraction solvent volume; (e) Effect of dispersive solvent volume. # TCPC—Total concentration of phenolic compounds. Values expressed are means ± S.D. of three measurements. All the values were statistically significant (p < 0.001), unless otherwise indicated as n.s. (not statistically significant), ** (statistically significant at p < 0.01), or * (statistically significant at p < 0.05). Raw data regarding the statistical analyses were reported in Supplementary Materials section S1.
Figure 3
Figure 3
General extraction procedure.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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