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. 2019 Apr 3;9(1):5552.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42126-9.

Mesoporous halloysite nanotubes modified by CuFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles and study of its application as a novel and efficient heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of pyrazolopyridine derivatives

Ali Maleki  1 , Zoleikha Hajizadeh  2 , Peyman Salehi  3
Affiliations

Mesoporous halloysite nanotubes modified by CuFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles and study of its application as a novel and efficient heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of pyrazolopyridine derivatives

Ali Maleki et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

In this study, mesoporous halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were modified by CuFe2O4 nanoparticles for the first time. The morphology, porosity and chemistry of the CuFe2O4@HNTs nanocomposite were fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) image, transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption-desorption isotherm, thermogravimetric (TG) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) curve analyses. The results confirmed that CuFe2O4 with tetragonal structure, uniform distribution, and less agglomeration was located at HNTs. CuFe2O4@HNTs nanocomposite special features were high thermal stability, crystalline structure, and respectable magnetic property. SEM and TEM results showed the nanotube structure and confirmed the stability of basic tube in the synthetic process. Also, inner diameters of tubes were increased in calcination temperature at 500 °C. A good magnetic property of CuFe2O4@HNTs led to use it as a heterogeneous catalyst in the synthesis of pyrazolopyridine derivatives. High efficiency, green media, mild reaction conditions and easily recovery of the nanocatalyst are some advantages of this protocol.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Synthesis of pyrazolopyridine derivatives (5a-k) in the presence of CuFe2O4@HNTs nanocatalyst.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) FT-IR spectra and (b) TG curves of HNTs and CuFe2O4@HNTs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) EDX analysis and (b) VSM magnetization curve of CuFe2O4@HNTs nanocomposite.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) FE-SEM image and (b,c) TEM images of CuFe2O4@HNTs nanocomposite.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(a) N2 adsorption curve, (b) pore size distribution curve of CuFe2O4@HNTs nanocomposite.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The XRD pattern of: (a) HNTs, (b) CuFe2O4@HNTs, (c) the reference CuFe2O4.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of 5a-k by using CuFe2O4@HNTs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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