GRP78/BIP/HSPA5 as a Therapeutic Target in Models of Parkinson's Disease: A Mini Review

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain. Reports from postmortem studies in the human PD brain, and experimental PD models reveal that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. In times of stress, the unfolded or misfolded proteins overload the folding capacity of the ER to induce a condition generally known as ER stress. During ER stress, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) to handle increasing amounts of abnormal proteins, and recent evidence has demonstrated the activation of the ER chaperone GRP78/BiP (78 kDa glucose-regulated protein/binding immunoglobulin protein), which is important for proper folding of newly synthesized and partly folded proteins to maintain protein homeostasis. Although the activation of this protein is essential for the initiation of the UPR in PD, there are inconsistent reports on its expression in various PD models. Consequently, this review article aims to summarize current knowledge on neuroprotective agents targeting the expression of GRP78/BiP in the regulation of ER stress in experimental PD models.

Figure 1

Simplified diagram highlighting the regulation of ER stress signaling pathways.

Figure 2

Important events during cellular response to ER stress.

Figure 3

Diagram showing the chemical structure of PD toxins: (a) MPTP; (b) MPP⁺; (c) 6-OHDA.

Figure 4

Diagram showing the chemical structure of luteolin.

Figure 5

Diagram showing the chemical structure of salidroside.

Figure 6

Diagram showing the chemical structure of salvianolic acid B.

Figure 7

Diagram showing the chemical structure of salubrinal.

Figure 8

Diagram showing the chemical structure of echinacoside.

Figure 9

Diagram showing the chemical structure of rifampicin.