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. 2019 Mar 19;11(3):519.
doi: 10.3390/polym11030519.

Investigation of the Shear Thickening Fluid Encapsulation in an Orifice Coagulation Bath

Xing Liu  1   2 , Jun-Li Huo  3 , Ting-Ting Li  4   5 , Hao-Kai Peng  6 , Jia-Horng Lin  7   8   9   10   11   12 , Ching-Wen Lou  13   14   15   16
Affiliations

Investigation of the Shear Thickening Fluid Encapsulation in an Orifice Coagulation Bath

Xing Liu et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

The orifice coagulation bath method is proposed to encapsulate shear thickening fluid (STF) to form STF capsules, in an attempt to improve the combination of STF and the matrix as well as strengthen the flexibility and stability of the STF composites. By varying the calcium chloride concentration (10, 20 mg/mL), sodium alginate concentration (5, 7, 10 mg/mL) and the surfactant dosage (10%, 20%, 30%), optimal preparation conditions were studied, considering the capsule strength and encapsulation rate. The capsules were also characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results show that the optimal solution for the preparation of the capsules is composed of 30% surfactant, 10 mg/mL mass concentration of CaCl₂, and 10 mg/mL mass concentration of sodium alginate. The rough surface and porous interior was observed by SEM. The average diameter of the capsules was 1.93 mm. The TGA curves indicate an improvement on the capsule thermal stability. This study thus provides a promising STF capsule preparation method.

Keywords: W/O/W multiple emulsion; encapsulation; shear thickening fluid (STF); the orifice coagulation bath method.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic manufacturing procedure of shear thickening fluid (STF) capsules.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic cross-section of STF capsule.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Standard curve of STF.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The rheological behavior of 35%STF.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Comparison of the diameter distribution, strength and encapsulation rate of the capsules as related to the concentration of calcium chloride.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Comparison of capsule diameter distribution, strength and encapsulation rate as related to the concentration of sodium alginate solution.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Encapsulation rate as related to W/O surfactant loading.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of surface morphology (a) capsule, (b) the cross-section of capsule, and (c) optical microscope image of W/O/W multiple emulsion.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Histogram of capsule size distribution.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of STF capsule, W/O/W multiple emulsion and STF.
Figure 11
Figure 11
TG analysis of (a) W/O/W multiple emulsion; (b) calcium alginate shell; and (c) STF capsule.
Figure 11
Figure 11
TG analysis of (a) W/O/W multiple emulsion; (b) calcium alginate shell; and (c) STF capsule.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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