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. 2017 Sep 7;9(9):425.
doi: 10.3390/polym9090425.

Simple Green Route to Performance Improvement of Fully Bio-Based Linseed Oil Coating Using Nanofibrillated Cellulose

Stefan Veigel  1 , Eva-Marieke Lems  2 , Gerhard Grüll  3 , Christian Hansmann  4   5 , Thomas Rosenau  6 , Tanja Zimmermann  7 , Wolfgang Gindl-Altmutter  8
Affiliations

Simple Green Route to Performance Improvement of Fully Bio-Based Linseed Oil Coating Using Nanofibrillated Cellulose

Stefan Veigel et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Due to their bio-based character, oil-based coatings become more and more prevalent in wood surface finishing. These coatings impart appealing optical and haptic properties to the wood surface, but lack sufficient protection against water and mechanical influences. The present study reports a simple green route to improve the performance of linseed oil coating by the addition of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). In order to achieve surface chemical compatibility with linseed oil, NFC was chemically modified with acetic anhydride and (2-dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride, respectively, using propylene carbonate as a solvent. NFC/linseed oil formulations were prepared and applied to wood substrates. The wear resistance of oil-coated wood surfaces was assessed by a newly developed test combining abrasive loading with subsequent contact angle measurement. As revealed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD), NFC has been successfully modified without significantly affecting the structure of cellulose. In abrasion tests, all NFC-modified oil coatings performed better than the original oil. Interestingly, NFC only suspended in propylene carbonate, i.e., without chemical modification, had the strongest improvement effect on the coating's wear resistance. This was primarily attributed to the loose network structure of this NFC variant which effectively prevents the oil from penetration into the wood surface, thus forming a protective NFC/oil composite layer on the wood surface.

Keywords: linseed oil; nanocellulose; surface modification; wear resistance; wood coating.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) modified with (2-dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride (DDSA) and acetic anhydride (AA), respectively, compared to unmodified NFC.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) modified with (2-dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride (DDSA) and acetic anhydride (AA), respectively, compared to unmodified NFC.
Figure 2
Figure 2
13C Cross-Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CP-MAS NMR) spectra of unmodified NFC compared to NFC modified with DDSA and AA, respectively, for 24 h.
Figure 3
Figure 3
X-ray diffractograms of unmodified NFC (NFC-PC/NFC) compared to NFC modified with acetic anhydride (NFC-AA) and (2-dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride (NFC-DDSA) for 24 h.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of different NFC variants dried from n-hexane: (a) unmodified NFC; (b) blank NFC sample, solvent-exchanged to propylene carbonate; (c) 24 h (2-dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride-treated NFC; and (d) 24 h acetic anhydride-treated NFC.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Stability of NFC/linseed oil suspensions after 0 h (a); 1 h (b); 1 day (c); and 14 days (d) sedimentation time (AC: NFC solvent exchanged to acetone, PC: NFC solvent exchanged to propylene carbonate, DDSA: NFC modified with (2-dodecen-1-yl)succinic anhydride for 24 h, AA: NFC modified with acetic anhydride for 24 h).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) and 85° gloss level of beech wood surfaces coated with linseed oil varnish containing 1 wt % NFC.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Wear resistance of oiled wood surfaces containing 1 wt % NFC. The surfaces were subjected to abrasive wear on a Taber® Abraser (a) and subsequent water contact angle measurements in the abraded area. A higher contact angle after a given number of abrasion cycles indicates a higher wear resistance (b).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Representative light-microscopic images of cross sections of beech wood treated with (a) linseed oil varnish and (b) linseed oil varnish modified with NFC solvent-exchanged to propylene carbonate. The inset highlights the oil film obtained using this modified oil formulation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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