Polymer-Based Nanomaterials and Applications for Vaccines and Drugs

Abstract

Nanotechnology plays a significant role in drug development. As carriers, polymeric nanoparticles can deliver vaccine antigens, proteins, and drugs to the desired site of action. Polymeric nanoparticles with lower cytotoxicity can protect the delivered antigens or drugs from degradation under unfavorable conditions via a mucosal administration route; further, the uptake of nanoparticles by antigen-presenting cells can increase and induce potent immune responses. Additionally, nanomaterials are widely used in vaccine delivery systems because nanomaterials can make the vaccine antigen long-acting. This review focuses on some biodegradable polymer materials such as natural polymeric nanomaterials, chemically synthesized polymer materials, and biosynthesized polymeric materials, and points out the advantages and the direction of research on degradable polymeric materials. The application and future perspectives of polymeric materials as delivery carriers and vaccine adjuvants in the field of drugs and vaccines are presented. With the increase of knowledge and fundamental understandings of polymer-based nanomaterials, means of integrating some other attractive properties, such as slow release, target delivery, and alternative administration methods and delivery pathways are feasible. Polymer-based nanomaterials have great potential for the development of novel vaccines and drug systems for certain needs, including single-dose and needle-free deliveries of vaccine antigens and drugs in the future.

Keywords: delivery carriers; drugs; nanoparticles; polymer-based nanomaterials; vaccine adjuvants; vaccines.

Figure 1

Characteristics of chitosan/triphenyl phosphate nanoparticles considered in this review: their inherent biological properties and ability to incorporate many bioactive species within them. Reprinted from Reference [54].

Figure 2

Various types of nanoparticles as mucosal vaccines delivery candidates. Reprinted from Reference [63].

Figure 3

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody content in serum (A); tears (B); tracheal fluid (C); and bile (D) of specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens immunized with PBS i.m., blank CS/PLGA NPs i.m., blank CS/PLGA NPs i.n., pVAX I-optiF i.m., pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs i.m., and pFDNA-CS/PLGA-NPs i.n. Values are means ± SD (n = 5). Reprinted from Reference [69].