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. 2018 Mar 8;10(3):282.
doi: 10.3390/polym10030282.

Mechanocatalytic Solvent-Free Esterification of Sugarcane Bagasse

Qiang Zhang  1 , Xueqin Zhang  2 , Ziyan Zhu  3 , Aiping Zhang  4 , Chunhui Zhang  5 , Xiaoying Wang  6 , Chuanfu Liu  7
Affiliations

Mechanocatalytic Solvent-Free Esterification of Sugarcane Bagasse

Qiang Zhang et al. Polymers (Basel). .

Abstract

Esterification is a versatile way to produce the derivatives of lignocellulose with developed properties. However, the traditional heterogeneous esterification of lignocellulose suffered from the drawbacks of low efficiency, additional reaction medium and heating. In the present study, an efficient method was developed to produce the functionalized sugarcane bagasse (SCB) by ball milling without any additional solvents and heating. The effects of pulverization time, rotation speed, the kind of linear chain anhydrides, the ratio of anhydrides to SCB, with or without pyridine catalyst and the dosage of catalyst were investigated on weight percent gain (WPG) of SCB esters. The results indicated that the high efficiency of this mechanocatalystic esterification was probably due to the destroyed crystalline structure and the promoted penetration of the esterifying reagent onto SCB bulk caused by ball milling. The maximum WPG of SCB acetate, propionate and butyrate reached 33.3%, 33.6% and 32.4%, respectively. The physicochemical structure of the esterified SCB was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), solid state cross-polarized magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS 13C-NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The direct evidence of the esterification occurrence was provided with FT-IR and solid-state CP/MAS 13C-NMR. The thermal stability of SCB increased upon the mechanocatalytic esterification. The results implied that the relatively homogeneous modification was achieved with this semi-homogeneous esterification method by ball milling.

Keywords: ball milling; bio-based materials; esterification; sugarcane bagasse.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Mechanocatalytic esterification of SCB with AA, PA or BA during ball milling at the presence of pyridine.
Figure 1
Figure 1
FT-IR spectra of the control sample and SCB acetates (a), propionates (b) and butyrates (c) obtained by the mechanocatalytic esterification.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Solid state CP/MAS 13C-NMR spectra of the control sample and SCB acetate (sample 20), propionate (sample 27) and butyrate (sample 35).
Figure 3
Figure 3
XRD patterns of native SCB, the control sample and SCB acetate (sample 20), propionate (sample 27) and butyrate (sample 35).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The CrI values of SCB acetates, propionates and butyrates at different anhydride/SCB ratio.
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM images of native SCB (a) and SCB acetate obtained for 0.5 h (sample 1, b), 2 h (sample 3, c), 4 h (sample 4, d).
Figure 6
Figure 6
TGA and DTG curves of the control sample and SCB acetate (sample 20), propionate (sample 27) and butyrate (sample 35).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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