Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019 Jan-Mar;44(1):4-8.
doi: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_217_18.

Antimicrobial Resistance: Progress in the Decade since Emergence of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase in India

Avika Dixit  1   2 , Neeta Kumar  3 , Sanjiv Kumar  4 , Vidyasagar Trigun  4
Affiliations

Antimicrobial Resistance: Progress in the Decade since Emergence of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase in India

Avika Dixit et al. Indian J Community Med. 2019 Jan-Mar.

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major threat to public health estimated to cause 10 million deaths annually by 2050. India carries one of the largest burdens of drug-resistant pathogens worldwide. NDM-1 reported in 2008, rapidly spread to other countries was named after India's capital. India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide, and antibiotic sale is increasing rapidly. AMR develops when microbes develop mechanisms to evade the action of antimicrobials. The factors that contribute to AMR include irrational and overuse of antibiotics. In India, various actions have been taken including setting up of a National Task Force on AMR Containment (2010), "Chennai Declaration" by a consortium of the Indian Medical Societies (2012), Setting of Indian Council of Medical Research national surveillance network of laboratories, "Redline" campaign for educating public and National Action Plan on AMR 2017. There is a need integrating AMR education in medical education. India needs to start the subspecialty of infectious diseases and strengthen laboratory services. Every hospital needs to have an AMR policy including infection control, improvement in hygiene, and sanitation and antibiotic use. An element of research needs to be integrated into the AMR policy and encouragement of the pharmaceutical industry to develop "superbug antibiotics." Unless AMR is addressed effectively the gains made in health are likely to be lost.

Keywords: Antibiotic; India; National Action Plan; National Health Policy; New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase; antimicrobial resistance; global action plan; public health problem.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

There are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a and b) Resistance patterns of Klebsiella pneumoniae (left) and Staphylococcus aureus (right) isolates in India (Figure generated by Center for Disease Dynamics using blood and cerebrospinal fluid isolates from inpatients collected by a private laboratory network in India with 5700 collection centers nationwide)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Use data from Center for disease dynamics aggregated from two antibiotic consumption databases
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. World Health Organization. Antibacterial Agents in Clinical Development – An Analysis of the Antibacterial Clinical Development Pipeline, Including Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. World Health Organization. 2017. [Last accessed on 2018 Apr 06]. Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/rational_use/antibacterial_agents_cli...
    1. Lipsitch M, Samore MH. Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance: A population perspective. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:347–54. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations. Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. 2014. [Last accessed on 2018 Apr 06]. Available from: https://www.amr.review.org/sites/default/files/AMR%20Review%20Paper%20.%... .
    1. World Health Organization. Country Progress in the Implementation of the Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance: WHO, FAO and OIE Global Tripartite Database. World Health Organization. [Last accessed on 2018 Apr 12]. Available from: http://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/global-action-plan/database/en/
    1. TB India 2017: Revised National Tuberculosis Program Annual Status Report. New Delhi, India: Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 2017. Central TB Division.