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. 2020 Nov;43(6):878-887.
doi: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1600829. Epub 2019 Apr 15.

Two episodes of remote ischemia preconditioning improve motor and sensory function of hind limbs after spinal cord ischemic injury

Salah Omar Bashir  1 , Mohamed Darwesh Morsy  1   2 , Dalia Fathy El Agamy  2
Affiliations

Two episodes of remote ischemia preconditioning improve motor and sensory function of hind limbs after spinal cord ischemic injury

Salah Omar Bashir et al. J Spinal Cord Med. 2020 Nov.

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the effect of one and two remote ischemia preconditioning episodes (1-RIPC or 2-RIPC, respectively) on neuro-protection after spinal cord ischemic injury (SCI) in rats. Design: Experimental animal study. Setting: College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, KSA. Interventions: Male rats (n = 10/group) were divided into control, sham, SCIRI, 1-RIPC + SCIRI, and 2-RIPC + SCIRI. SCI was induced by aortic ligation for 45 min and each RIPC episode was induced by 3 cycles of 10 min ischemia/10 min perfusion. The two preconditioning procedures were separated by 24 h. Outcome measures: after 48 h of RIPC procedure, Tarlov's test, withdrawal from the painful stimulus and placing/stepping reflex (SPR) were used to evaluate the hind limbs neurological function. SC homogenates were used to measure various biochemical parameters. Results: Motor and sensory function of hind limbs were significantly improved and levels of MDA, AOPPs, PGE2, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as the activity of SOD, was significantly decreased in SC tissue in either 1 or 2 episodes of RIPC intervention. Concomitantly, levels of total nitrate/nitrite and eNOS activity were significantly increased in both groups. Interestingly, except for activity of SOD, eNOS and levels of nitrate/nitrite, the improvements in all neurological biochemical endpoint were more profound in 2-RIPC + SCIRI compared with 1-RIPC + SCIRI. Conclusion: applying two preconditioning episodes of 3 cycles of 10 min ischemia/10 min perfusion, separated by 24 h, boost the neuro-protection effect of RIPC maneuver in rats after ischemic induced SCI in rats.

Keywords: Aorta; Delayed; Protection; Remote ischemic preconditioning; Spinal cord.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental design of the study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Tarlov scores in all groups of rats. Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). Significance was considered when P value was <.05. a: vs. Control; b: vs. Sham-operated; c: vs. SC-IRI; d: vs. 1-RIPC + SCIRI;. SC-IRI: spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury-induced group; IX-RIPC: one episode of remote ischemia reperfusion injury. 2X-RIPC: two episodes of remote ischemia reperfusion injury separated by 24 h.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Spinal cord levels of TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) in all groups of rats. Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). Significance was considered when P value was <.05. a: vs. Control; b: vs. Sham-operated; c: vs. SC-IRI; d: vs. 1-RIPC + SCIRI; SC-IRI: spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury-induced group; IX-RIPC: one episode of remote ischemia reperfusion injury; 2X-RIPC: two episodes of remote ischemia reperfusion injury separated by 24 h.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Spinal cord levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA, A), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP, B), and PGE2 (D) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, C) in all groups of rats. Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). Significance was considered when P value was <.05. a: vs. Control; b: vs. Sham-operated; c: vs. SC-IRI; d: vs. 1X-RIPC + SCIRI;. SC-IRI: spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury-induced group; IX-RIPC: one episode of remote ischemia reperfusion injury. 2X-RIPC: two episodes of remote ischemia reperfusion injury separated by 24 h.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Spinal cord levels of nitrate/nitite (A) and activity of eNOS (B) in all groups of rats. Results are expressed as means ± SD (n = 10). Significance was considered when P value was <.05. a: vs. Control; b: vs. Sham-operated; c: vs. SC-IRI; d: vs. 1-RIPC + SCIRI; SC-IRI: spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury-induced group;. IX-RIPC: one episode of remote ischemia reperfusion injury. 2X-RIPC: two episodes of remote ischemia reperfusion injury separated by 24 h.
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