Dietary Patterns and Determinants of Changing Diets in Bangladesh from 1985 to 2010

Abstract

Background: The government of Bangladesh has implemented multiple policies since 1971 to provide the population with more diverse and nutritious diets.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the drivers of dietary change over time and the roles agriculture and economic development have played.

Methods: We used principal component analysis to derive dietary patterns from 7 cross-sectional rounds of the Bangladesh Household [Income and] Expenditure Survey. We then used linear probability models to estimate associations of adherence to dietary patterns with socio-economic characteristics of households, and with agricultural production on the household and regional level. For dietary patterns that increased or decreased over time, Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition was used to assess factors associated with these changes.

Results: Seven dietary patterns were identified: modern, traditional, festival, winter, summer, monotonous, and spices. All diets were present in all survey rounds. In 1985, over 40% of households had diets not associated with any identified pattern, which declined to 12% by 2010. The proportion of the population in households adhering to the modern, winter, summer, and monotonous diets increased over time, whereas the proportion adhering to the traditional diet decreased. Although many factors were associated with adherence to dietary patterns in the pooled sample, changes in observed factors only explained a limited proportion of change over time due to variation in coefficients between periods. Increased real per capita expenditure was the largest driver of elevated adherence to dietary patterns over time, whereas changes in the agricultural system increased adherence to less diverse dietary patterns.

Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for both diversified agricultural production and a continued reduction in poverty in order to drive dietary improvement. This study lays the groundwork for further analysis of the impact of changing diets on health and nutrition.

Keywords: Bangladesh; Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey; Socio-economic status; agriculture; dietary change; dietary pattern.

FIGURE 1

Change in adherence to dietary patterns over time. Dietary patterns are shown in the order of most dynamic change over time to the lowest level of change. By definition, 20% of the sample has “high adherence” to each dietary pattern. “No pattern” refers to the 29% of the population across all survey rounds who were residing in households that adhere to no identified dietary pattern.

FIGURE 2

Direction and size of change in adherence to dietary patterns explained by differences in indicators, by indicator set. The change over time in the proportion of the household with high adherence to a dietary pattern is given in parenthesis under the label in the horizontal axis. The colored stacked boxes show the size and direction of explained change by each indicator set from the decomposition models, and the overall sum of the explained change is indicated by the orange dot.