Transgenerational Effects of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals on Male and Female Reproduction

Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals are known to interfere with normal reproductive function and hormone signaling. Phthalates, bisphenol A, pesticides, and environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins are known endocrine-disrupting chemicals that have been shown to negatively affect both male and female reproduction. Exposure to these chemicals occurs on a daily basis owing to these compounds being found in plastics, personal care products, and pesticides. Recently, studies have shown that these chemicals may cause transgenerational effects on reproduction in both males and females. This is of concern because exposure to these chemicals prenatally or during adult life can negatively impact the reproductive health of future generations. This mini-review summarizes the endocrine-disrupting chemicals that humans are exposed to on a daily basis and what is known about the transgenerational effects that these chemicals may have on male and female reproduction.

Figure 1.

Schematic representing multigenerational effects vs transgenerational effects from prenatal exposure to EDCs. Effects in the F1 and F2 generations are considered multigenerational and effects in the F3 generation are considered transgenerational.

Figure 2.

Schematic representing multigenerational effects vs transgenerational effects from adult exposure to EDCs. Effects in the F1 generation are considered multigenerational and effects in the F2 generation are considered transgenerational.