High-Density Mapping and Ablation of Primary Nonfocal Left Atrial Tachycardia: Characterizing a Distinct Arrhythmogenic Substrate

Abstract

Objectives: This study sought to characterize primary left atrial tachycardia (LAT) mechanisms, electrical properties and substrate using high-density mapping.

Background: Nonfocal LAT can be found in patients without prior substrate modifying interventions.

Methods: Of 223 catheter ablation procedures for LAT 15 patients (60% male, age 74 ± 6 years) had nonfocal AT and no history of LA ablation or cardiac surgery.

Results: AT (mean cycle length 244 ± 32 ms) were identified as macro-re-entry (12 of 15) or localized re-entry (3 of 15). High-density electroanatomical mapping (EAM, performed in 13 patients) revealed a high proportion of low voltage areas (LVA, <0.45 mV, 41 ± 22%). Anterior LVA regions were predominantly related to the macro-re-entry and directly perpetuating the re-entrant circuit in 8 patients by formation of a conductive channel (width: 14 ± 7 mm, length: 11 ± 3 mm) between the inferior pole of the scar and the mitral valve (MV) annulus with electrophysiological features of diseased tissue. A tailored anterior ablation line successfully terminated AT in 9 patients (6 dominant circuit MV dependent, 3 dominant circuit scar dependent AT), while a lateral isthmus line was performed in 2 patients. Localized re-entries were successfully targeted by local ablation. Acute successful ablation could be achieved in 14 of 15 patients leading to a freedom from any arrhythmias in 9 of 15 patients (60%) after follow-up of 343 ± 203 days.

Conclusions: Patients with nonfocal left atrial tachycardia without previous iatrogenic interventions show evidence for advanced atrial myopathy. High-density mapping revealed involvement of the anterior LA and allows for an individualized ablation approach beyond strategies usually applied in consecutive AT.

Keywords: atrial cardiomyopathy; atrial fibrosis; atrial tachycardia; catheter ablation; high-density mapping.