Molecular differentiation of five Sarcocystis species in sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) in Japan based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox1) sequences

Abstract

Several surveys of Sarcocystis infection in sika deer in Japan have shown a high prevalence, but the identification has been unclear because molecular data have been lacking or have been limited to 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Thus, in our previous study based on such sequences, some Sarcocystis isolates from sika deer were not clearly separated from other species in the phylogenetic analysis. In the present study, we therefore characterized sarcocyst isolates from sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox1). Moreover, we developed a multiplex PCR based on cox1 sequences of all species found, so that we could rapidly identify sarcocysts of these species. Twenty-one sarcocysts from nine sika deer were examined. Five distinct cox1 sequence types, each with a high sequence identity (> 99%), were found, and the sarcocysts could thus be classified into five species. Based on the sequence comparisons and the phylogeny, Sarcocystis spp. of types 1, 3, and 5 are considered to represent three new species, which were most closely related to Sarcocystis silva/Sarcocystis truncata, Sarcocystis entzerothi, and Sarcocystis iberica/Sarcocystis venatoria, respectively. There was a slight uncertainly whether Sarcocystis sp. with type 2 sequences represented a new species or was identical to Sarcocystis tarandi. Type 4 sequences showed 99% identity with those of Sarcocystis pilosa from sika deer in Lithuania and have therefore been assigned to this species. In the multiplex PCR, type-specific fragments were successfully amplified for all five Sarcocystis spp., indicating that this assay may be useful for a rapid identification of sarcocysts of these species.

Keywords: Cervus nippon centralis; Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene; Japan; Multiplex PCR; Sarcocystis.