Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019 Apr 18;24(8):1536.
doi: 10.3390/molecules24081536.

Phytochemical Characterization of Five Edible Purple-Reddish Vegetables: Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, and Phenolic Acid Derivatives

Alexandra D Frond  1 , Cristian I Iuhas  2 , Ioana Stirbu  3 , Loredana Leopold  4 , Sonia Socaci  5 , Stǎnilǎ Andreea  6 , Huseyin Ayvaz  7 , Socaciu Andreea  8 , Socaciu Mihai  9 , Zorița Diaconeasa  10 , Socaciu Carmen  11
Affiliations

Phytochemical Characterization of Five Edible Purple-Reddish Vegetables: Anthocyanins, Flavonoids, and Phenolic Acid Derivatives

Alexandra D Frond et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Vegetables comprise a significant portion of our daily diet with their high content in nutrients including fiber, vitamins, minerals, as well as phenolic compounds. Vegetable consumption has been shown to be positively associated with the prevention of several degenerative diseases thanks to their bioactive compounds. Accordingly, five selected vegetables, namely, red chicory, red onion, eggplant, purple sweet potato, and black carrot were thoroughly assessed for their phenolic content in this study. For this purpose, the total phenolic and flavonoid content of these five vegetables and their antioxidant activities that are based on three common methods ABTS radical cation decolorization assay (ABTS), Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC), and DPPH scavenging activity assay were determined. Additionally, HPLC-PDA/Electrospray ionization coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA/-ESI+-MS)-based identification and quantification of the members belonging to polyphenols present in each vegetable were determined. Statistical correlations between antioxidant activities and the specific type of phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids were further elucidated. Phenolic acids (chlorogenic and syringic acids) were found to be the most abundant compounds that are present in all samples. Among the anthocyanins, cyaniding derivatives were present in all vegetables. In terms of their antioxidant activities, the analyzed vegetables were ranked as red chicory > purple sweet potato > black carrot > eggplant > red onion, in descending order. Superior antioxidant activities exhibited by red chicory and purple sweet potato were attributed to the high content of phenolic compounds, especially flavonols (quercetin-3,4-O-diglucoside) in red chicory and anthocyanins (peonidin-3-caffeoyl p-hydroxybenzoylsophoroside-5-glucoside) in purple sweet potato.

Keywords: HPLC; anthocyanins; antioxidants; flavonoids; phenolic acids; polyphenols.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Polyphenols: classification and main sources (adapted from Goszcz, K. et al., 2015 [5]).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Antioxidant capacity of selected vegetables (values are expressed as µM Trolox/FW).
Figure 3
Figure 3
HPLC-PDA chromatograms of red chicory recorded at 280, 360 and 520 nm.
Figure 4
Figure 4
HPLC-PDA chromatograms of red onion recorded at 280, 360, and 520 nm.
Figure 5
Figure 5
HPLC-PDA chromatograms of eggplant recorded at 280, 360 and 520 nm.
Figure 6
Figure 6
HPLC-PDA chromatograms of purple sweet potato recorded at 280, 360, and 520 nm.
Figure 7
Figure 7
HPLC-PDA chromatograms of black carrot recorded at 280, 360 and 520 nm.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Principal component analysis of spectrophotometric and chromatographic data.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Cheynier V., Tomas-Barberan F.A., Yoshida K. Polyphenols: From plants to a variety of food and nonfood uses. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2015;63:7589–7594. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01173. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mata R. Flavonoids, chemistry, biochemistry and applications by ø. M. Andersen (university of bergen) and k. R. Markham (industrial research ltd.). Crc press/taylor & francis, boca raton. 2006. Xiv + 1237 pp. 7 × 101/4 in. $249.95. Isbn 0-8493-2021-6. J. Nat. Prod. 2007;70:140.
    1. George B., Liaaen-Jensen S., Pfander H. Carotenoids Volume 5: Nutrition and Health. Springer Science & Business Media; Berlin, Germany: 2009.
    1. Wu S.B., Meyer R.S., Whitaker B.D., Litt A., Kennelly E.J. A new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based strategy to integrate chemistry, morphology, and evolution of eggplant (solanum) species. J. Chromatogr. A. 2013;1314:154–172. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.09.017. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Goszcz K., Deakin S.J., Duthie G.G., Stewart D., Leslie S.J., Megson I.L. Antioxidants in cardiovascular therapy: Panacea or false hope? Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2015;2:29. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2015.00029. - DOI - PMC - PubMed