Complex malaria epidemiology in an international border area between Brazil and French Guiana: challenges for elimination

Abstract

Background: The epidemiological surveillance of malaria is a necessary intervention for eliminating the disease from the planet. The international border zones of the Amazon continue to be highly vulnerable to malaria since population mobility impedes elimination. Although in the past few years, cases of malaria have had an essential reduction in Brazil, this trend was not confirmed in municipalities along the border. This study aimed to establish the epidemiology of the disease during the last 13 years in Oiapoque, a Brazilian municipality at the international border with French Guiana, an overseas department, to develop strategies for the control/elimination of malaria in these areas.

Results: Data collected from 2003 to 2015 from the Malaria Epidemiological Surveillance System was used. It was found that, despite the important reduction in cases (68.1%), the annual parasite index remained a high epidemiological risk. The disease is seasonal in that the period of highest transmission occurs between September and December. Between 2003 and 2015, eight outbreaks were identified, with one of these lasting 15 months between August 2006 and October 2007. There were changes in the epidemiological profile, with imported cases representing 67.7% of cases from 2003 to 2007 and representing 32.9% of cases from 2008 to 2015 (p < 0.01). The greatest number of cases was among Brazilians coming from the artisanal gold mines of French Guiana. There were also changes in the profile of autochthonous malaria with an increase in urban cases from 14.3% in 2003 to 32.3% in 2015 (p < 0 .01). The burden of malaria in indigenous areas was also very high (67.3% in rural areas) in 2015. There were changes in the parasite species profile with a significant decrease of cases of Plasmodium falciparum (p = 0.01). Children under 15 years old, representing 9.7% of cases at the onset of the study, accounted for 34.2% of case notifications (p < 0.01) in 2015. Also, 74% of cases in 2003 and 55.9% in 2015 (p < 0.01) were among men.

Conclusions: The fragility of local health services in cross-border areas continues to be an obstacle for malaria elimination.

Keywords: Amazon; Elimination; Illegal gold miners; Malaria; Oiapoque.

Fig. 1

a. Distribution of imported and autochthonous cases between 2003 and 2015 and API during the study period. b. Distribution of urban, indigenous and other rural cases during the study period. c. Distribution of indigenous cases by base poles and other villages. d. Proportion of malaria cases between men and women between 2003 and 2015

Fig. 2

Endemic curve of malaria cases in the municipality of Oiapoque between 2003 and 2015. Source: Sivep-Malaria 2016

Fig. 3

Spatial distribution of the incidence of malaria in the urban areas of the municipality of Oiapoque between 2003 and 2015. Source: Sivep-Malaria 2016

Fig. 4

Proportion of cases by parasite species and rate of Falciparum + vivax between 2003 and 2015. Source: Sivep-Malaria 2016

Fig. 5

Cases of malaria and rate of proportion of men and individuals under 15 years between 2003 and 2015

Fig. 6

Geographic location the municipality of Oiapoque-Amapá State Brazil