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Review
. 2019 Apr 4:17:484-497.
doi: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.015. eCollection 2019.

The Discovery of Biomarkers in Cancer Immunotherapy

Anil P George  1 , Timothy M Kuzel  2 , Yi Zhang  3 , Bin Zhang  4
Affiliations
Review

The Discovery of Biomarkers in Cancer Immunotherapy

Anil P George et al. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. .
No abstract available

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Mechanisms of immune checkpoint regulation. CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 are immune checkpoint molecules present on the surfaces of activated T cells. CTLA-4 competes for B7 ligands (CD80 and CD86) with CD28, a costimulatory molecule, and attenuate T cell proliferation and activation. When PD-1 binds to its corresponding ligand, PD-L1, on the tumor cell surface, this results in T cell exhaustion. PD-L1 expression induced on antigen-presenting cells may also suppress T-cell responses by binding to CD80 on T cells. Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key immunosuppressive cells of the immune system that promote cancer progression to limit antitumor T cell immunity through a number of contact-dependent and independent mechanisms. CTLA-4 expressed on Tregs is crucial for their suppressive activity. PD-L1+ MDSCs and PDL1+ Tregs are likely another major source of PD-L1 that inhibits T cell activation and function.
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