Protein extract from head-foot tissue of Oncomelania hupensis promotes the growth and development of mother sporocysts of Schistosoma japonicum via upregulation of parasite aldolase gene

Abstract

Previous studies showed that protein extract from head-foot tissue of Oncomelania hupensis (O. hupensis) (PhfO), when cocultured with mother sporocysts of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum), was beneficial for parasite's growth and development but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. One possible strategy for PhfO to promote the growth and development of mother sporocysts of S. japonicum is to upregulate parasite's survival genes. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (ALD), an essential enzyme of glycometabolism in the energy metabolism process, plays an important role in the survival and the growth and development of schistosomes. Using an in vitro coculture system, in this study, we analyzed the potential involvement of the ald gene in the growth and development of mother sporocysts of S. japonicum following coculture with PhfO. We found that coculture with PhfO promoted the growth and development and the survival of mother sporocysts, and increased parasites' ATP consumption level. Mother sporocysts cocultured with PhfO showed a significantly increased expression of the ald gene at both RNA and protein levels. The ALD protein mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of mother sporocysts. Knockdown of ald gene in parasites decreased the ALD protein expression and the ATP consumption level, suppressed the growth and development, and attenuated the survival of mother sporocysts. In ald knockdown mother sporocysts, the effects of PhfO on the ALD expression, the ATP consumption level, the growth and development, and the survival of larvae were significantly abolished. Therefore, the data suggest that PhfO could promote the growth and development, and the survival of mother sporocysts of S. japonicum via upregulating the expression of the ald gene.

Keywords: Aldolase; Development; Growth; Mother sporocysts; Oncomelania hupensis; Schistosoma japonicum.