Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2019 Apr 23;17(4):241.
doi: 10.3390/md17040241.

Marine Macrolides with Antibacterial and/or Antifungal Activity

Tomasz M Karpiński  1
Affiliations
Review

Marine Macrolides with Antibacterial and/or Antifungal Activity

Tomasz M Karpiński. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

Currently, the increasing resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics is a serious problem. Marine organisms are the source of thousands of substances, which also have antibacterial and antifungal effects. Among them, marine macrolides are significant. In this review, the antibacterial and/or antifungal activities of 34 groups of marine macrolides are presented. Exemplary groups are chalcomycins, curvulides, halichondramides, lobophorins, macrolactins, modiolides, scytophycins, spongistatins, or zearalanones. In the paper, 74 antibiotics or their analog sets, among which 29 with antifungal activity, 25 that are antibacterial, and 20 that are both antifungal and antibacterial are summarized. Also, 36 macrolides or their sets are produced by bacteria, 18 by fungi, ten by sponges, seven by algae, two by porifera, and one by nudibranch. Moreover, the chemical structures of representatives from each of the 34 groups of these antibiotics are presented. To summarize, marine organisms are rich in natural macrolides. Some of these may be used in the future in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. Marine macrolides can also be potential drugs applicable against pathogens resistant to currently known antibiotics.

Keywords: antibacterial; antibiotic; antifungal; antimicrobial; macrolide; marine.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structures of 10-membered macrolides: (a) Curvulide A [19]; (b); Modiolide A [27]; (c) Phomolide A [28,29]; (d) Xestodecalactone B [33].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chemical structures of 12-membered macrolides: (a) Amphidinolide Q [35]; (b) Dendrodolide A [36]; (c) Lasiodiplodin [37]; (d) Sporiolide A [40].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Chemical structures of 14-membered macrolides: (a) Lobophorin A [42]; (b) Zearalenone [46].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Chemical structures of 15- and 16-membered macrolides: (a) Butremycin [49]; (b) Bromophycolide P [50]; (c) Chalcomycin B [51]; (d) Neurymenolide A [53,54].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Chemical structures of 15- and 16-membered macrolides: (a) Butremycin [49]; (b) Bromophycolide P [50]; (c) Chalcomycin B [51]; (d) Neurymenolide A [53,54].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chemical structures of 18-membered macrolides: (a) Borrelidin [55]; (b) 13-Deoxytedanolide [58,59]; (c) Leucascandrolide A [56].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chemical structures of 18-membered macrolides: (a) Borrelidin [55]; (b) 13-Deoxytedanolide [58,59]; (c) Leucascandrolide A [56].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Chemical structures of 20-membered macrolides: (a) 15G256ι [61]; (b) Misakinolide A [62,63].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Chemical structures of 22-membered macrolides: (a) Kabiramide C [65]; (b) Tolytoxin [67].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Chemical structures of 22–25-membered macrolides: (a) Gageomacrolactin 1 [71]; (b) Halichondramide [72]; (c) Macrolactin A [77,78]; (d) Maduralide [88].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Chemical structures of 22–25-membered macrolides: (a) Gageomacrolactin 1 [71]; (b) Halichondramide [72]; (c) Macrolactin A [77,78]; (d) Maduralide [88].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Chemical structures of 26-membered macrolides: (a) Neomaclafungin A [89]; (b) Phorboxazole A [90].
Figure 10
Figure 10
Chemical structures of 31-membered macrolide: (a) Reedsmycin A [92]; and 34-membered macrolide: (b) Marinisporolide A [93].
Figure 11
Figure 11
Chemical structures of 36-membered macrolides: (a) Azalomycin F [95]; (b) Bahamaolide A [96]; (c) PM100117 [97]; and 40-membered macrolide: (d) Amantelide A [99].
Figure 11
Figure 11
Chemical structures of 36-membered macrolides: (a) Azalomycin F [95]; (b) Bahamaolide A [96]; (c) PM100117 [97]; and 40-membered macrolide: (d) Amantelide A [99].
Figure 12
Figure 12
Chemical structure of 42-membered macrolide: Spongistatin 1 [100].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Burja A.M., Banaigs B., Abou-Mansour E., Burgess J.G., Wright P.C. Marine cyanobacteria - a prolific source of natural products. Tetrahedron. 2001;57:9347–9377. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)00931-0. - DOI
    1. El-Demerdash A., Tammam M.A., Atanasov A.G., Hooper J.N.A., Al-Mourabit A., Kijjoa A. Chemistry and biological activities of the marine sponges of the genera Mycale (Arenochalina), Biemna and Clathria. Mar. Drugs. 2018;16:214. doi: 10.3390/md16060214. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wang M., Zhang J., He S., Yan X. A review study on macrolides isolated from cyanobacteria. Mar. Drugs. 2017;15:126. doi: 10.3390/md15050126. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Swain S.S., Paidesetty S.K., Padhy R.N. Antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial compounds from cyanobacteria. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017;90:760–776. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.030. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Liu Q.-A., Zheng J.-J., Gu Y.-C., Wang C.-Y., Shao C.-L. Chapter 7. The chemistry and bioactivity of macrolides from marine microorganisms. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 2015;44:353–401.

LinkOut - more resources