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. 2019 Apr 24;9(1):6489.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42725-6.

The effect of anaerobic digestate derived composts on the metabolite composition and thermal behaviour of rosemary

M A Bustamante  1 , I Nogués  2 , S Jones  3 , G G Allison  4
Affiliations

The effect of anaerobic digestate derived composts on the metabolite composition and thermal behaviour of rosemary

M A Bustamante et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The study reports on the effect of anaerobic digestate derived composts on the metabolite composition and thermal behaviour of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Plants were cultivated in semiarid soil under four different fertiliser treatments (composts of anaerobic digested cattle (C) or pig slurry (P) at 30t/ha and 60 t/ha, and two control treatments (inorganic fertiliser and no fertiliser application). Samples of leaves and stems were analysed to investigate the effect of treatment on chemical composition and thermochemical properties. Three orthogonal analytical approaches were used, namely: Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and thermochemical gravimetric analysis (TGA). FTIR and GC/MS showed fertiliser treatment resulted in tissue specific changes in sample metabolite composition. Fertiliser treatment was detected to change the thermogravimetric properties of the leaf samples and from inorganic and composted pig slurry digestate treatments had greater ash content and lower proportions of fixed carbon compared with samples from the unfertilised control treatment. This study provides information on how the composition of rosemary might be altered by fertiliser application in regions of poor soil, and has implications for biomass quality when rosemary is grown on semi-wild sites for the purpose of soil improvement.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PCA of mid IR ATR spectra from ground leaf samples. (A) Spectra of samples. (B) Scores plot for PC1 vs. PC2 (red diamonds = CH; green square = CL dose; dark blue triangle PH; light blue inverted triangle = PL; pink star = control; yellow circle = InOrg; dotted line = 95% confidence level). (C) Loading plot for PC1. (D) Loading plot for PC2. CH: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 60 t/ha; CL: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 30 t/ha; PH: compost from anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 60t/ha; PL: compost from anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 30t/ha; InOrg: inorganic fertiliser.
Figure 2
Figure 2
PCA of mid IR ATR spectra from ground stem samples. (A) Spectra of samples. (B) Scores plot (red diamonds = CH; green square = CL; dark blue triangle PH; light blue inverted triangle = PL; pink star = control; yellow circle = InOrg; dotted line = 95% confidence level). (C) Loading plot for PC1. (D) Loading plot for PC2. CH: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 60 t/ha; CL: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 30 t/ha; PH: compost from anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 60t/ha; PL: compost derived anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 30t/ha; InOrg: inorganic fertiliser.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A,B) Show the scores and loadings plots for PCA models based on TICs of MOX-TMS derivatised ethanolic extracts of ground rosemary leaf samples after analysis by GCMS whilst (C,D) show the scores and loadings plots for a PCA model based on the stem data (A,C - red diamonds = CH; green square = CL; dark blue triangle PH; light blue inverted triangle = PL; pink star = control; yellow circle = InOrg; dotted line = 95% confidence level; (C,D) - loading plot for PC1 = blue line and PC2 = brown line). CH: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 60 t/ha; CL: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 30 t/ha; PH: compost from anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 60t/ha; PL: compost derived anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 30t/ha; InOrg: inorganic fertiliser.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A,B) Show the scores plot for PCA models based on extracted metabolite abundances in the stem samples respectively. Data were log 10 transformed, GLS weighted according to experimental class and mean centred (red diamonds = CH; green square = CL; dark blue triangle PH; light blue inverted triangle = PL; pink star = control; yellow circle = InOrg; dotted line = 95% confidence level). CH: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 60 t/ha; CL: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 30 t/ha; PH: compost from anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 60t/ha; PL: compost derived anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 30t/ha; InOrg: inorganic fertiliser.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Mean percentage mass loss (A) or derivative mass loss (B) plotted against temperature during thermogravimetric analysis of leaf (red) and stem samples (green) respectively. (C) PCA scores plot of leaf TGA data (red diamonds = CH; green square = CL; dark blue triangle PH; light blue inverted triangle = PL; pink star = control; yellow circle = InOrg; dotted line = 95% confidence level). (D) Leaf sample PCA loadings for PC1 (blue) and PC2 (brown). (E) PCA scores plot of stem TGA data (red diamonds = CH; green square = CL; dark blue triangle PH; light blue inverted triangle = PL; pink star = control; yellow circle = InOrg; dotted line = 95% confidence level). (F) Stem sample PCA loadings for PC1 (blue) and PC2 (brown). CH: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 60 t/ha; CL: compost from anaerobic digested cattle slurry at dose 30 t/ha; PH: compost from anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 60t/ha; PL: compost derived anaerobic digested pig slurry at dose 30t/ha; InOrg: inorganic fertiliser.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) PCA scores plot of leaf and stem TGA data (leaf = red diamonds, stem = green squares), whilst (B) shows the loadings for PC1.
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