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Meta-Analysis
. 2019 Apr 26;4(4):CD004055.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004055.pub2.

Interventions for hand eczema

Wietske Andrea Christoffers  1 , Pieter-Jan Coenraads, Åke Svensson, Thomas L Diepgen, Janine L Dickinson-Blok, Jun Xia, Hywel C Williams
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for hand eczema

Wietske Andrea Christoffers et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Hand eczema is an inflammation of the skin of the hands that tends to run a chronic, relapsing course. This common condition is often associated with itch, social stigma, and impairment in employment. Many different interventions of unknown effectiveness are used to treat hand eczema.

Objectives: To assess the effects of topical and systemic interventions for hand eczema in adults and children.

Search methods: We searched the following up to April 2018: Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, LILACS, GREAT, and four trials registries. We checked the reference lists of included studies for further references to relevant trials.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared interventions for hand eczema, regardless of hand eczema type and other affected sites, versus no treatment, placebo, vehicle, or active treatments.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. Primary outcomes were participant- and investigator-rated good/excellent control of symptoms, and adverse events.

Main results: We included 60 RCTs, conducted in secondary care (5469 participants with mild to severe chronic hand eczema). Most participants were over 18 years old. The duration of treatment was short, generally up to four months. Only 24 studies included a follow-up period. Clinical heterogeneity in treatments and outcome measures was evident. Few studies performed head-to-head comparisons of different interventions. Risk of bias varied considerably, with only five studies at low risk in all domains. Twenty-two studies were industry-funded.Eighteen trials studied topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors; 10 studies, phototherapy; three studies, systemic immunosuppressives; and five studies, oral retinoids. Most studies compared an active intervention against no treatment, variants of the same medication, or placebo (or vehicle). Below, we present results from the main comparisons.Corticosteroid creams/ointments: when assessed 15 days after the start of treatment, clobetasol propionate 0.05% foam probably improves participant-rated control of symptoms compared to vehicle (risk ratio (RR) 2.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38 to 3.91; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 3, 95% CI 2 to 8; 1 study, 125 participants); the effect of clobetasol compared to vehicle for investigator-rated improvement is less clear (RR 1.43, 95% CI 0.86 to 2.40). More participants had at least one adverse event with clobetasol (11/62 versus 5/63; RR 2.24, 95% CI 0.82 to 6.06), including application site burning/pruritus. This evidence was rated as moderate certainty.When assessed 36 weeks after the start of treatment, mometasone furoate cream used thrice weekly may slightly improve investigator-rated symptom control compared to twice weekly (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.61; 1 study, 72 participants) after remission is reached. Participant-rated symptoms were not measured. Some mild atrophy was reported in both groups (RR 1.76, 95% CI 0.45 to 6.83; 5/35 versus 3/37). This evidence was rated as low certainty.Irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light: local combination ultraviolet light therapy (PUVA) may lead to improvement in investigator-rated symptom control when compared to local narrow-band UVB after 12 weeks of treatment (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.16; 1 study, 60 participants). However, the 95% CI indicates that PUVA might make little or no difference. Participant-rated symptoms were not measured. Adverse events (mainly erythema) were reported by 9/30 participants in the narrow-band UVB group versus none in the PUVA group. This evidence was rated as moderate certainty.Topical calcineurin inhibitors: tacrolimus 0.1% over two weeks probably improves investigator-rated symptom control measured after three weeks compared to vehicle (14/14 tacrolimus versus 0/14 vehicle; 1 study). Participant-rated symptoms were not measured. Four of 14 people in the tacrolimus group versus zero in the vehicle group had well-tolerated application site burning/itching.A within-participant study in 16 participants compared 0.1% tacrolimus to 0.1% mometasone furoate but did not measure investigator- or participant-rated symptoms. Both treatments were well tolerated when assessed at two weeks during four weeks of treatment.Evidence from these studies was rated as moderate certainty.Oral interventions: oral cyclosporin 3 mg/kg/d probably slightly improves investigator-rated (RR 1.88, 95% CI 0.88 to 3.99; 1 study, 34 participants) or participant-rated (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.69 to 2.27) control of symptoms compared to topical betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% after six weeks of treatment. The risk of adverse events such as dizziness was similar between groups (up to 36 weeks; RR 1.22, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.86, n = 55; 15/27 betamethasone versus 19/28 cyclosporin). The evidence was rated as moderate certainty.Alitretinoin 10 mg improves investigator-rated symptom control compared with placebo (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.07; NNTB 11, 95% CI 6.3 to 26.5; 2 studies, n = 781) and alitretinoin 30 mg also improves this outcome compared with placebo (RR 2.75, 95% CI 2.20 to 3.43; NNTB 4, 95% CI 3 to 5; 2 studies, n = 1210). Similar results were found for participant-rated symptom control: alitretinoin 10 mg RR 1.73 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.40) and 30 mg RR 2.75 (95% CI 2.18 to 3.48). Evidence was rated as high certainty. The number of adverse events (including headache) probably did not differ between alitretinoin 10 mg and placebo (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.55; 1 study, n = 158; moderate-certainty evidence), but the risk of headache increased with alitretinoin 30 mg (RR 3.43, 95% CI 2.45 to 4.81; 2 studies, n = 1210; high-certainty evidence). Outcomes were assessed between 48 and 72 weeks.

Authors' conclusions: Most findings were from single studies with low precision, so they should be interpreted with caution. Topical corticosteroids and UV phototherapy were two of the major standard treatments, but evidence is insufficient to support one specific treatment over another. The effect of topical calcineurin inhibitors is not certain. Alitretinoin is more effective than placebo in controlling symptoms, but advantages over other treatments need evaluating.Well-designed and well-reported, long-term (more than three months), head-to-head studies comparing different treatments are needed. Consensus is required regarding the definition of hand eczema and its subtypes, and a standard severity scale should be established.The main limitation was heterogeneity between studies. Small sample size impacted our ability to detect differences between treatments.

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Conflict of interest statement

Wietske Andrea Christoffers: nothing to declare.

Pieter‐Jan Coenraads was involved in the included studies Ruzicka 2004, Ruzicka 2008, and van Coevorden 2004a.

Åke Svensson has been involved in educational events for Swedish dermatologists. Novartis has sponsored this event; however, the educational group have decided the content of the education, and no payment has been paid to Åke Svensson personally. Instead, payment has been made to his hospital for his time spent working outside hospital.

Thomas L Diepgen has received lecture and consultancy fees from Leo Pharma A/S and consultancy fees from Almirall Hermal GmbH, and he has co‐authored the studies of Bauer 2012 and Ruzicka 2008.

Janine L Blok: nothing to declare.

Hywel Williams: nothing to declare.

Jun Xia: nothing to declare.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Bland emollients: ceramide‐containing emollient versus regular petrolatum‐based emollient, Outcome 1 Primary: adverse events: exacerbation resulting in dropout.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: fluprednidene versus betamethasone, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms after 3 weeks of treatment.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: fluprednidene versus betamethasone, Outcome 2 Primary: number of participants with at least 1 adverse event.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: fluprednidene versus betamethasone, Outcome 3 Secondary: investigator‐rated improvement > 50% after 3 weeks.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: betamethasone‐dipropionate film‐forming lotion versus betamethasone‐dipropionate thick lotion, Outcome 2 Primary: adverse events.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: betamethasone‐dipropionate film‐forming lotion versus betamethasone‐dipropionate thick lotion, Outcome 3 Secondary: investigator‐rated reduction (not specified) in severity at day 7.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: betamethasone‐dipropionate film‐forming lotion versus betamethasone‐dipropionate thick lotion, Outcome 4 Secondary: investigator‐rated global improvement in eczema.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Corticosteroids creams/ointments: clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% versus vehicle, Outcome 1 Primary: percentage of participants with investigator‐rated good/excellent control at day 15.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Corticosteroids creams/ointments: clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% versus vehicle, Outcome 2 Primary: percentage of participants with self‐rated good/excellent control at day 15.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Corticosteroids creams/ointments: clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% versus vehicle, Outcome 3 Primary: adverse events.
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Corticosteroids creams/ointments: clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% versus vehicle, Outcome 4 Secondary: reduction in severity, participant‐rated scoring at day 15.
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Corticosteroids creams/ointments: clobetasol propionate foam 0.05% versus vehicle, Outcome 5 Secondary: reduction in severity, investigator‐rated scoring at day 15.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: mometasone furoate cream 3 times/week versus 2 times/week versus no steroids, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control.
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: mometasone furoate cream 3 times/week versus 2 times/week versus no steroids, Outcome 2 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: mometasone furoate cream 3 times/week versus 2 times/week versus no steroids, Outcome 3 Primary: adverse events.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: betamethasone‐valerate 0.1% cream versus urea 5% cream, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: betamethasone‐valerate 0.1% cream versus urea 5% cream, Outcome 2 Secondary: participant‐rated reduction in severity (bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Corticosteroid creams/ointments: betamethasone‐valerate 0.1% cream versus urea 5% cream, Outcome 3 Secondary: investigator‐rated reduction in severity (bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 Irradiation with UV light versus no UVB, Outcome 1 Primary: adverse events ‐ exacerbation.
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 Irradiation with UV light: whole‐body UVB versus placebo or local UVB hands, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms by UVB hand vs whole‐body UVB vs placebo.
13.2
13.2. Analysis
Comparison 13 Irradiation with UV light: whole‐body UVB versus placebo or local UVB hands, Outcome 2 Secondary: time until relapse depicted in weeks of remission.
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 Irradiation with UV light: local narrow‐band UVB versus local PUVA, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms in UVB vs PUVA.
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14 Irradiation with UV light: local narrow‐band UVB versus local PUVA, Outcome 2 Primary: adverse events ‐ reported adverse event, mainly erythema.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Irradiation with UV light: oral PUVA versus topical bath PUVA, Outcome 1 Primary: adverse events.
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 Irradiation with UV light: oral PUVA versus topical bath PUVA, Outcome 2 Secondary: investigator‐rated reduction in severity at week 10 (bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
16.3
16.3. Analysis
Comparison 16 Irradiation with UV light: oral PUVA versus topical bath PUVA, Outcome 3 Secondary: investigator‐rated reduction in severity at week 18 (bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 Irradiation with UV light: UVA‐1 versus topical betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream, Outcome 1 Primary: adverse events ‐ hyperpigmentation.
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 Irradiation with UV light: UVA‐1 versus placebo, Outcome 1 Primary: adverse events ‐ discontinuation because of exacerbation.
19.2
19.2. Analysis
Comparison 19 Irradiation with UV light: UVA‐1 versus placebo, Outcome 2 Secondary: participant‐rated reduction in severity on VAS for itch (week 3, bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
19.3
19.3. Analysis
Comparison 19 Irradiation with UV light: UVA‐1 versus placebo, Outcome 3 Secondary: investigator‐rated reduction in severity on dyshidrotic eczema area and severity index (DASI) (week 3, bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23 Topical calcineurin inhibitors: tacrolimus 0.1% ointment versus vehicle, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms.
23.2
23.2. Analysis
Comparison 23 Topical calcineurin inhibitors: tacrolimus 0.1% ointment versus vehicle, Outcome 2 Primary: adverse events burning/itching at application site.
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24 Topical calcineurin inhibitors: pimecrolimus 1% cream versus vehicle, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms pimecrolimus cream vs vehicle.
24.2
24.2. Analysis
Comparison 24 Topical calcineurin inhibitors: pimecrolimus 1% cream versus vehicle, Outcome 2 Primary: adverse events.
24.3
24.3. Analysis
Comparison 24 Topical calcineurin inhibitors: pimecrolimus 1% cream versus vehicle, Outcome 3 Secondary: participant‐rated reduction in severity pruritus relief between pimecrolimus 1% and vehicle.
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25 Topical antibacterial agents: betamethasone‐valerate/clioquinol cream versus betamethasone‐valerate/fusidic acid, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms (intention‐to‐treat).
25.2
25.2. Analysis
Comparison 25 Topical antibacterial agents: betamethasone‐valerate/clioquinol cream versus betamethasone‐valerate/fusidic acid, Outcome 2 Primary: adverse events.
26.1
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26 Topical retinoids: bexarotene 1% gel versus bexarotene with corticosteroids, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms (> 90% clearance).
26.2
26.2. Analysis
Comparison 26 Topical retinoids: bexarotene 1% gel versus bexarotene with corticosteroids, Outcome 2 Primary: adverse events bexarotene vs bexarotene + mometasone.
26.3
26.3. Analysis
Comparison 26 Topical retinoids: bexarotene 1% gel versus bexarotene with corticosteroids, Outcome 3 Primary: adverse events bexarotene vs bexarotene + hydrocortisone.
26.4
26.4. Analysis
Comparison 26 Topical retinoids: bexarotene 1% gel versus bexarotene with corticosteroids, Outcome 4 Secondary: investigator‐rated reduction in severity (> 50% reduction in hand eczema area and severity index (HEASI)).
28.1
28.1. Analysis
Comparison 28 Other topical agents: fumaric acid 5% cream verus triamcinolone 0.1% cream, Outcome 1 Primary: adverse events.
29.1
29.1. Analysis
Comparison 29 Other topical agents: furpalmate 0.3% cream versus hydrocortisone acetate 0.5% cream, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms.
30.1
30.1. Analysis
Comparison 30 Other topical agents: Fumaria parviflora versus vehicle cream, Outcome 1 Primary: adverse events: discontinuation due to erythema and papules.
31.1
31.1. Analysis
Comparison 31 Oral immunosuppressants: oral azathioprine with topical clobetasol propionate versus topical clobetasol propionate, Outcome 1 Primary: percentage of participants with investigator‐rated good/excellent control.
31.2
31.2. Analysis
Comparison 31 Oral immunosuppressants: oral azathioprine with topical clobetasol propionate versus topical clobetasol propionate, Outcome 2 Secondary: investigator‐rated reduction in severity (bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
31.3
31.3. Analysis
Comparison 31 Oral immunosuppressants: oral azathioprine with topical clobetasol propionate versus topical clobetasol propionate, Outcome 3 Secondary: participant‐rated reduction in severity (bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
32.1
32.1. Analysis
Comparison 32 Oral immunosuppressants: oral cyclosporin versus topical betamethasone dipropionate, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated very good or good efficacy.
32.2
32.2. Analysis
Comparison 32 Oral immunosuppressants: oral cyclosporin versus topical betamethasone dipropionate, Outcome 2 Primary: participant‐rated very good or good efficacy.
32.3
32.3. Analysis
Comparison 32 Oral immunosuppressants: oral cyclosporin versus topical betamethasone dipropionate, Outcome 3 Primary: adverse events.
32.4
32.4. Analysis
Comparison 32 Oral immunosuppressants: oral cyclosporin versus topical betamethasone dipropionate, Outcome 4 Secondary: investigator‐rated reduction in severity in total disease activity score (6 weeks; bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
33.1
33.1. Analysis
Comparison 33 Oral immunosuppressants: oral cyclosporin versus alitretinoin, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control (IGA) after 24 weeks.
33.2
33.2. Analysis
Comparison 33 Oral immunosuppressants: oral cyclosporin versus alitretinoin, Outcome 2 Primary: participant‐rated good/excellent control (PGA) after 24 weeks.
33.3
33.3. Analysis
Comparison 33 Oral immunosuppressants: oral cyclosporin versus alitretinoin, Outcome 3 Primary: adverse events.
34.1
34.1. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms.
34.2
34.2. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 2 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms hyperkeratotic eczema.
34.3
34.3. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 3 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms pompholyx.
34.4
34.4. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 4 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms fingertip.
34.5
34.5. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 5 Primary: participant‐rated investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms.
34.6
34.6. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 6 Primary: adverse events alitretinoin 10 mg vs placebo.
34.7
34.7. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 7 Primary: adverse events alitretinoin 20 mg vs placebo.
34.8
34.8. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 8 Primary: adverse events alitretinoin 30 mg vs placebo.
34.9
34.9. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 9 Primary: adverse events alitretinoin 40 mg vs placebo.
34.12
34.12. Analysis
Comparison 34 Oral retinoids: alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 12 Secondary: reduction in severity, investigator‐rated in modified total lesion symptom score (bigger reduction in severity scored negative = better outcome).
35.1
35.1. Analysis
Comparison 35 Oral retinoids: re‐treatment alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms.
35.2
35.2. Analysis
Comparison 35 Oral retinoids: re‐treatment alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 2 Primary: adverse events 10 mg vs placebo.
35.3
35.3. Analysis
Comparison 35 Oral retinoids: re‐treatment alitretinoin versus placebo, Outcome 3 Primary: adverse events 30 mg vs placebo.
37.1
37.1. Analysis
Comparison 37 Other oral interventions: oral tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETDS) versus placebo, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms during treatment period.
37.2
37.2. Analysis
Comparison 37 Other oral interventions: oral tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TETDS) versus placebo, Outcome 2 Primary: adverse events.
38.1
38.1. Analysis
Comparison 38 Other oral interventions: low‐nickel diet (LND) + disulphiram versus normal diet + placebo, Outcome 1 Primary: investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms after 4 weeks.
38.2
38.2. Analysis
Comparison 38 Other oral interventions: low‐nickel diet (LND) + disulphiram versus normal diet + placebo, Outcome 2 Primary: adverse events.
39.1
39.1. Analysis
Comparison 39 Other oral interventions: oral evening primrose oil versus placebo, Outcome 1 Secondary: investigator‐rated reduction in severity score at week 24 (bigger reduction in severity = better outcome).
40.1
40.1. Analysis
Comparison 40 Other oral interventions: oral ranitidine versus placebo, Outcome 1 Primary: participant‐ and investigator‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms.
41.1
41.1. Analysis
Comparison 41 Other oral interventions: disodium cromoglycate diet (DSCG) versus low‐nickel diet, Outcome 1 Primary: participant‐rated good/excellent control of symptoms (itch) after 3 months of itch in DSCG versus diet.
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Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. Fowler JF Jr, Fransway AF, Jackson JM, Rohowsky N. Hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1% cream in the treatment of chronic dermatitis. Cutis 2005;75(2):125‐31. [CENTRAL: CN‐00515029; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fowler 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fowler JF, Graff O, Hamedani AG. A phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of alitretinoin (BAL4079) in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema refractory to potent topical corticosteroid therapy. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2014;13(10):1198‐204. [CENTRAL: CN‐01110966] - PubMed
    1. NCT00817063. Efficacy and Safety of a Retinoid in the Treatment of Severe Chronic Hand Eczema (HANDEL). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00817063 (accessed 26 July 2017).
Fredriksson 1975 {published data only}
    1. Fredriksson T, Gip L. Urea creams in the treatment of dry skin and hand dermatitis. International Journal of Dermatology 1975;14(6):442‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00698353; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Granlund 1996 {published data only}
    1. Granlund H, Erkko P, Eriksson E, Reitamo S. Comparison of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1996;76(5):371‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00132709; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Granlund H, Erkko P, Reitamo S. Comparison of the influence of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate treatment on quality of life in chronic hand eczema. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1997;77(1):54‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00137396; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grattan 1991 {published data only}
    1. Grattan CE, Carmichael AJ, Shuttleworth GJ, Foulds IS. Comparison of topical PUVA with UVA for chronic vesicular hand eczema. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1991;71(2):118‐22. [CENTRAL: CN‐00075959; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Gupta 1993 {published data only}
    1. Gupta AK, Shear NH, Lester RS, Baxter ML, Sauder DN. Betamethasone dipropionate polyacrylic film‐forming lotion in the treatment of hand dermatitis. International Journal of Dermatology 1993;32(11):828‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00097910; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hanifin 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hanifin JM, Stevens V, Sheth P, Breneman D. Novel treatment of chronic severe hand dermatitis with bexarotene gel. British Journal of Dermatology 2004;150(3):545‐53. [CENTRAL: CN‐00470992; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hill 1998 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Hill VA, Wong E, Corbett MF, Menday AP. Comparative efficacy of betamethasone/clioquinol (Betnovate‐C) cream and betamethasone/fusidic acid (Fucibet) cream in the treatment of infected hand eczema. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1998;9(1):15‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00200945]
Hordinsky 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hordinsky M, Fleischer A, Rivers JK, Poulin Y, Belsito D, Hultsch T. Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% in mild‐to‐moderate chronic hand dermatitis: a randomized, double‐blind trial. Dermatology 2010;221(1):71‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00769767; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. NCT00226707. Pimecrolimus cream 1% in patients (18 years of age and over) with mild to moderate chronic hand dermatitis. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00226707?term=hand+eczema&... (accessed 26 July 2017).
Jowkar 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Jowkar F, Jamshidzadeh A, Mirzadeh Yazdi A, Pasalar M. The effects of fumaria parviflora L extract on chronic hand eczema: a randomized double‐blind placebo controlled clinical trial. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2011;13(11):824‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00897812; MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Jowkar 2014 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Jowkar F, Saki N, Mokhtarpour A, Reza Saki M. Comparison of fumaric acid 5% cream versus triamcinolone 0.1% cream in the treatment of hand eczema. Acta Medica Iranica 2014;52(7):528‐31. [CENTRAL: CN‐00999261; PUBMED: 25135262] - PubMed
Kaaber 1983 {published data only}
    1. Kaaber K, Menné T, Veien N, Hougaard P. Treatment of nickel dermatitis with Antabuse; a double blind study. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9(4):297‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00568885; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Katsarou 2012 {published data only}
    1. Katsarou A, Makris M, Papagiannaki K, Lagogianni E, Tagka A, Kalogeromitros D. Tacrolimus 0.1% vs mometasone furoate topical treatment in allergic contact hand eczema: a prospective randomized clinical study. European Journal of Dermatology 2012;22(2):192‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00880927; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kemper 1998 {published data only}
    1. Kemper MFP, Valk PGM, Arnold WP. Efficacy of coal tar paste vs betamethasone valerate ointment 0.1% in hand eczema [Effectiviteit van koolteerpasta versus betamethasonvaleraatzalf 0.1% bij handeczeem]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Dermatologie en Venereologie 1998;8:289‐91. [CENTRAL: CN‐00602201]
King 1984 {published data only}
    1. King CM, Chalmers RJ. A double‐blind study of superficial radiotherapy in chronic palmar eczema. British Journal of Dermatology 1984;111(4):451‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00035777; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kircik 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kircik LH, Eastman WJ, Gwazdauskas J. A randomized, double‐blind phase 4 study of the efficacy and safety of ethanol‐free clobetasol propionate foam, 0.05%, vs vehicle foam in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2013;12(3):328‐34. [CENTRAL: CN‐00876862] - PubMed
Krejci‐Manwaring 2008 {published data only}
    1. Krejci‐Manwaring J, McCarty MA, Camacho F, Manuel J, Hartle J, Fleischer A Jr, et al. Topical tacrolimus 0.1% improves symptoms of hand dermatitis in patients treated with a prednisone taper. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2008;7(7):643‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00650082; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kucharekova 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kucharekova M, Kerkhof PC, Valk PG. A randomized comparison of an emollient containing skin‐related lipids with a petrolatum‐based emollient as adjunct in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48(6):293‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00470538; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lauriola 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lauriola MM, Pigatto PD, Pedrelli VF. A single‐center, randomized, perspective, investigator blinded, controlled trial to examine efficacy and safety of a Furpalmate‐containing cream in comparison to topical corticosteroid in atopic dermatitis of hands of 40 adult patients. 20th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology Lisbon (Abstracts on CD‐ROM). Geneva, 2011.
Lindelöf 1987 {published data only}
    1. Lindelöf B, Wrangsjö K, Lidén S. A double‐blind study of Grenz ray therapy in chronic eczema of the hands. British Journal of Dermatology 1987;117(1):77‐80. [CENTRAL: CN‐00050016; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lodén 2012a {published data only}
    1. Lodén M, Wirén K, Smerud KT, Meland N, Hønnås H, Mørk C, et al. The effect of a corticosteroid cream and a barrier‐strengthening moisturizer in hand eczema. A double‐blind, randomized, prospective, parallel group clinical trial. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2012;26(5):597‐601. [CENTRAL: CN‐00882835; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Möller 1983 {published data only}
    1. Möller H, Svartholm H, Dahl G. Intermittent maintenance therapy in chronic hand eczema with clobetasol propionate and flupredniden acetate. Current Medical Research & Opinion 1983;8(9):640‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00307918; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
NCT01231854 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01231854. Ciclosporin versus alitretinoin for severe atopic hand dermatitis (TocyDD). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01231854 (accessed 27 February 2013).
Odia 1996 {published data only}
    1. Odia S, Vocks E, Rakoski J, Ring J. Successful treatment of dyshidrotic hand eczema using tap water iontophoresis with pulsed direct current. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1996;76(6):472‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00179694; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pacor 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Pacor ML, Lorenzo G, Martinelli N, Mansueto P, Friso S, Pellitteri ME, et al. Tacrolimus ointment in nickel sulphate‐induced steroid‐resistant allergic contact dermatitis. Allergy & Asthma Proceedings 2006;27(6):527‐31. [CENTRAL: CN‐00574561; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pigatto 1990 {published data only}
    1. Pigatto PD, Gibelli E, Fumagalli M, Bigardi A, Morelli M, Altomare GF. Disodium cromoglycate versus diet in the treatment and prevention of nickel‐positive pompholyx. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22(1):27‐31. [CENTRAL: CN‐00568540; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Polderman 2003 {published data only}
    1. Polderman MC, Govaert JC, Cessie S, Pavel S. A double blind placebo‐controlled trial of UVA‐1 in the treatment of dyshidrotic eczema. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2003;28(6):584‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00458902; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ruzicka 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Larsen F, Galewicz, Ruzicka T, Horváth A, Coenraads PJ, Zouboulis CC, et al. BAL40/9 (alitretinoin, 9‐cisretinoic acid) is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of refractory hand dermatitis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 2003; Vol. 17:158. [Larsen 2003]
    1. Ruzicka T, Larsen FG, Galewicz D, Horváth A, Coenraads PJ, Thestrup‐Pedersen K, et al. Oral alitretinoin (9‐cis‐retinoic acid) therapy for chronic hand dermatitis in patients refractory to standard therapy. Results of a randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled, multicenter trial. Archives of Dermatology 2004;140(12):1453‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00503534; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ruzicka 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB, Diepgen T, Berth‐Jones J, Coenraads PJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9‐cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre trial. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;158(4):808‐17. [CENTRAL: CN‐00637962; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Said 2010 {published data only}
    1. Said NH, Lim KS, Chong WS, Theng CTS. A comparative study of UVA‐1 phototherapy versus betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream for chronic vesicular hand eczema. Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore 2011;40(11 Suppl 1):S28. [CENTRAL: CN‐01074005]
    1. Said NH, Lim KS, Chong WS, Theng CTS. A comparative study of ultraviolet light a1 phototherapy versus betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream for chronic vesicular hand eczema. Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore 2010;39(11 Suppl 1):S354. [CENTRAL: CN‐01074020]
Schnopp 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Schnopp C, Remling R, Möhrenschlager M, Weigl L, Ring J, Abeck D. Topical tacrolimus (FK506) and mometasone furoate in treatment of dyshidrotic palmar eczema: a randomized, observer‐blinded trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2002;46(1):73‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00376609; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sezer 2007 {published data only}
    1. Sezer E, Etikan I. Local narrowband UVB phototherapy vs. local PUVA in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2007;23(1):10‐4. [CENTRAL: CN‐00577966; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sharma 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sharma AD. Disulfiram and low nickel diet in the management of hand eczema: a clinical study. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 2006;72(2):113‐8. [CENTRAL: CN‐00565442; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sheehan‐Dare 1989 {published data only}
    1. Sheehan‐Dare RA, Goodfield MJ, Rowell NR. Topical psoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) and superficial radiotherapy in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. British Journal of Dermatology 1989;121(1):65‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00061541; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sjövall 1987 {published data only}
    1. Sjövall P, Christensen OB. Local and systemic effect of UVB irradiation in patients with chronic hand eczema. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1987;67(6):538‐41. [CENTRAL: CN‐00053072; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Thestrup‐Pedersen 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Thestrup‐Pedersen K, Andersen KE, Menné T, Veien N. Treatment of hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms (eczema keratoticum) with oral acitretin. A single‐blind placebo controlled study. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 2001;81(5):353‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐00377187; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tzaneva 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tzaneva S, Kittler H, Thallinger C, Hönigsmann H, Tanew A. Oral vs. bath PUVA using 8‐methoxypsoralen for chronic palmoplantar eczema. Photodermatolology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2009;25(2):101‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐00699561; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Uggeldahl 1986 {published data only}
    1. Uggeldahl PE, Kero M, Ulshagen K. Comparative effect of desonide cream 0.1% and 0.05% in patients with hand eczema. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental 1986;40(5):969‐73. [CENTRAL: CN‐00178392; EMBASE: 1987040454]
van Coevorden 2004a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Coevorden AM, Kamphof WG, Sonderen E, Bruynzeel DP, Coenraads PJ. Comparison of oral psoralen‐UV‐A with a portable tanning unit at home vs hospital administered bath psoralen‐UV‐A in patients with chronic hand eczema: an open‐label randomized controlled trial of efficacy. Archives of Dermatology 2004;140(12):1463‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00503535; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Veien 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Veien NK, Kaaber K, Larsen PO, Nielsen AO, Thestrup‐Pedersen K. Ranitidine treatment of hand eczema in patients with atopic dermatitis: a double blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1995;32(6):1056‐7. [CENTRAL: CN‐00114123; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Veien 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Veien NK, Olholm Larsen P, Thestrup‐Pedersen K, Schou G. Long‐term, intermittent treatment of chronic hand eczema with mometasone furoate. British Journal of Dermatology 1999;140(5):882‐6. [CENTRAL: CN‐00278245; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Whitaker 1996 {published data only}
    1. Whitaker DK, Cilliers J, Beer C. Evening primrose oil (Epogam) in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis: disappointing therapeutic results. Dermatology 1996;193(2):115‐20. [CENTRAL: CN‐00132445; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yousefi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Yousefi M, Barikbin B, Kamalinejad M, Abolhasani E, Ebadi A, Younespour S, et al. Comparison of therapeutic effect of topical Nigella with Betamethasone and Eucerin in hand eczema. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2013;27(12):1498. [CENTRAL: CN‐00915004; DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12033] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aertgeerts 1985 {published data only}
    1. Aertgeerts P, Albring M, Klaschka F, Naseman T, Patzelt‐Wenczler R, Rauhut K, et al. Comparative testing of Kamillosan cream and steroidal (0.25% hydrocortisone, 0.75% fluocortin butyl ester) and non‐steroidal (5% bufexamac) dermatologic agents in maintenance therapy of eczematous diseases [Vergleichende Pruefung von Kamillosan Creme gegenueber steroidalen (0,25% hydrocortison, 0,75% fluorocortolon)]. Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten 1985;60(3):270‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Berndt 2001 {published data only}
    1. Berndt U, Wigger‐Alberti W, Gabard B, Elsner P. Comparison of a barrier cream and its constituents on efficacy in occupational irritant hand eczema in nurses [Vergleich einer Hautschutzcreme und ihrer Grundlage bezuglich Wirksamkeit gegen das berufsbedingte irritative handekzem bei Krankenschwestern: eine anwendungsuntersuchung]. Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt. Occupation and Environment 2001;49(1A):77‐80. [CENTRAL: CN‐00441979; EMBASE: 2001126306]
Chen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chen Cz, Shu Xh, Yao L, Chu N. Treatment for 53 middle‐aged and old patients with chronic eczema of hand‐foot by spleen‐invigorating heat‐clearing method. Western Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2015;28(8):73‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐01434924]
Gergovska 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gergovska M, Briand E, Karp JM, Jacob SE, Vemula P, Gospodinov D, et al. Metal sequestering dermal cream exhibits beneficial effects in patients with dyshidrotic eczema associated with nickel induced allergic contact dermatitis ‐ a pilot study. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2017;72:310. [CENTRAL: CN‐01417582]
Grivcheva‐Panovska 2013 {published data only}
    1. Grivcheva‐Panovska V. Staphylococcus aureus and hand eczema: to treat or not to treat. Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2013;68:423‐4. [EMBASE: 71369118]
Güler Özden 2004 {published data only}
    1. Güler Özden M, Ilter N, Gürer MA. A new treatment choice for chronic hand dermatitis: 1% pimecrolimus cream. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 2004;18 Suppl:268.
HogenEsch 1998 {published data only}
    1. HogenEsch AJ, Coenraads PJ. Thuisbehandeling van chronisch recidiverend handeczeem met orale PUVA‐therapie. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Dermatologie en Venereologie 1998;8:267‐8.
Petering 2004 {published data only}
    1. Petering H, Breuer C, Herbst R, Kapp A, Werfel T. Comparison of localized high‐dose UVA1 irradiation versus topical cream psoralen‐UVA for treatment of chronic vesicular dyshidrotic eczema. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2004;50(1):68‐72. [CENTRAL: CN‐00520456; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rosén 1987 {published data only}
    1. Rosén K, Mobacken H, Swanbeck G. Chronic eczematous dermatitis of the hands: a comparison of PUVA and UVB treatment. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1987;67(1):48‐54. [CENTRAL: CN‐00047378; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zeichner 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zeichner JA, Berson D, Donald A. The use of an over‐the‐counter hand cream with sweet almond oil for the treatment of hand dermatitis. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 2018;17(1):78‐82. [CENTRAL: CN‐01451024] - PubMed
Zimmerman 1967 {published data only}
    1. Zimmerman EH. Betamethasone 17‐Valerate. A custom‐made topical corticosteroid. Archives of Dermatology 1967;95(5):514‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Beitner 1996 {published data only}
    1. Beitner H. Treatment of hand dermatosis: a comparative study of a topical glucocorticoid ointment vs solution occluded with a new thin hydrocolloid dressing. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 1996;76(5):408‐9. [CENTRAL: CN‐00332682; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
CTRI/2009/091/000212 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2009/091/000212. To compare the efficacy and safety of Herbavate vs. the conventional steroid therapy in the management of hand dermatitis. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2009/091/000212 (accessed 20 February 2014).
Draelos 2000 {published data only}
    1. Draelos ZD. Hydrogel barrier/repair creams and contact dermatitis. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 2000;11(4):222‐5. [CENTRAL: CN‐00329003; MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
English 1989 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. English JS, Bunker CB, Ruthven K, Dowd PM, Greaves MV. A double‐blind comparison of the efficacy of betametasone diproprionate cream twice daily versus once daily in the treatment of steroid responsive dermatoses. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 1989;14(1):32‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
EUCTR2004‐002398‐22‐DE {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2004‐002398‐22‐DE. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study to investigate the efficacy and safety of IDEA‐070 (ketoprofen in Transfersome®) in different dermatological diseases ‐ IDEA‐070 in different dermatological diseases. apps.who.int/trialsearch/default.aspx (accessed 20 February 2014).
EUCTR2005‐005793‐75‐DE {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2005‐005793‐75‐DE. Evaluation of the efficacy of a topical formulation containing ASF‐1075 in the treatment of chronic hand dermatitis ‐ hand dermatitis. apps.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=EUCTR2005‐005793‐75‐DE (accessed 27 February 2013).
EUCTR2008‐006148‐20‐DE {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2008‐006148‐20‐DE. A vehicle‐controlled, investigator‐blinded intraindividual comparison to evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Momegalen rich cream and ointment in patients with hand and foot eczema and mild to moderate psoriasis. apps.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=EUCTR2008‐006148‐20‐DE (accessed 27 February 2013).
Goh 1999 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Goh CL, Lim JT, Leow YH, Ang CB, Kohar YM. The therapeutic efficacy of mometasone furoate cream 0.1% applied once daily vs clobetasol propionate cream 0.05% applied twice daily in chronic eczema. Singapore Medical Journal 1999;40(5):341‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Grundmann 1999 {published data only}
    1. Grundmann‐Kollmann M, Behrens S, Peter RU, Kerscher M. Treatment of severe recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles with PUVA‐bath versus PUVA‐cream. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 1999;15(2):87‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Haddican 2014 {published data only}
    1. Haddican M, Linkner RV, Singer G, On SCJ, Gagliotti M, Goldenberg G. Retapamulin 1% ointment and clobetasol propionate 0.05% foam is more efficacious than vehicle ointment and clobetasol 0.05% propionate foam in the treatment of hand/foot dermatitis. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 2014;7(7):32‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Handa 1988 {published data only}
    1. Handa F, Sharma PK, Guha A, Sharma SD. Alcometasone dipropionate 0.05% ointment versus hydrocortisone 1.0% ointment in eczema & other dermatoses. Indian Journal of Dermatology 1988;33(1):5‐8. [PUBMED: 3074045] - PubMed
IRCT201112018263N1 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT201112018263N1. Evaluating of clobetasol 0.05% and doxepine 5% cream vs clobetasol 0.05% and placebo in the treatment of moderate to severe hand eczema. apps.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=IRCT201112018263N1 (accessed 27 February 2013).
IRCT201212303734N2 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201212303734N2. Evaluating of anti‐dry cream vs fluocinolone acetonide 0/o25% cream in treatment of hand eczema. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?id=3734&number=2 (accessed 20 February 2014).
Lassus 1981 {published data only}
    1. Lassus A, Salde L. A double‐blind comparison of two topical steroids in psoriasis and eczemas: budesonide 0.025% ointment and betamethasone‐17‐valerate 0.1% ointment. Pharmatherapeutica 1981;2(10):668‐72. [EMBASE: 1982033894]
NCT00404196 {published data only}
    1. NCT00404196. LEO19123 cream in the treatment of hand eczema. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00404196 (accessed 27 February 2013).
NCT00614289 {published data only}
    1. NCT00614289. Novel topical treatment of hand dermatitis (eczema). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00614289?term=NCT00614289 (accessed 27 February 2013).
NCT00843466 {published data only}
    1. NCT00843466. Compatibility of a mild, moisturizing hand cleanser for patients with mild to moderate hand dermatitis. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00843466 and apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial.aspx?TrialID=NCT00843466 (accessed 20 February 2014).
NCT00867607 {published data only}
    1. NCT00867607. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of 21 days dermal application of MRX‐6 on mild to moderate contact dermatitis. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00867607 (accessed 27 February 2013).
NCT00890968 {published data only}
    1. NCT00890968. Safety and efficacy study of triamcinolone acetonide DuraPeel to treat hand dermatitis (TAC‐202). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00890968 (accessed 27 February 2013).
NCT01950494 {published data only}
    1. NCT01950494. A one month, randomized, two‐center, parallel‐group, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of FiteBac hand sanitizer TID vs emollient therapy in the management of hand dermatitis in adults. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01950494 (accessed on 19 February 2014).

References to ongoing studies

IRCT2014012916412N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2014012916412N1. Effect of topical pumpkin, traditional medicine products on chronic hand eczema. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?id=16412&number=1 (accessed 7 April 2017).
IRCT2017070922965N10 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2017070922965N10. Effect of topical atorvastatin on hand eczema [Evaluating the effect of topical atorvastatin as adjuvant therapy in treatment of hand eczema]. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017070922965N10 (accessed 21 April 2018).
ISRCTN80206075 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN80206075. Comparison of alitretinoin with PUVA as the first line treatment in patients with severe chronic hand eczema: a randomised controlled trial. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN80206075?q=hand%20eczema&filters=&sort=&amp... (accessed 8 April 2017).
JPRN‐UMIN000003326 {published data only}
    1. JPRN‐UMIN000003326. A clinical trial to determine the effect of olopatadine on itching in hand eczema. apps.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=JPRN‐UMIN000003326 (accessed 20 February 2014).
NCT02664805 {published data only}
    1. NCT02664805. A phase 2a, proof of concept trial, testing twice daily applications of LEO 124249 ointment in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02664805 (accessed 7 April 2017).
NCT03026907 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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Publication types