Targeting BTK in CLL: Beyond Ibrutinib

Abstract

Purpose of review: While the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) ibrutinib has revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), current limitations include off-target toxicities and the development of resistance. In this review, we summarize the emerging data for alternative BTKi.

Recent findings: Second-generation BTKi include acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, and tirabrutinib which offer greater BTK selectivity. While these agents may limit off-target toxicity, they do not overcome common mechanisms of ibrutinib resistance. Reversible BTKi including vecabrutinib and LOXO-305 inhibit BTK in the presence of C481S mutation, and non-selective reversible BTKi, including ARQ-531, may retain activity despite mutations within PLCG2. Early-phase studies are underway to establish the clinical efficacy and toxicity of these agents. A randomized trial of ibrutinib versus acalabrutinib is ongoing, and acalabrutinib may be an option for ibrutinib-intolerant patients. Results from ongoing trials of alternate BTKi will help to define their role in CLL therapy as single agents or in combination therapy.

Keywords: Acalabrutinib; B cell receptor; Tirabrutinib; Zanubrutinib.