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Review
. 2019 Spring;13(2):7-16.

Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders in Children: A Brief Review

Ali Nikkhah  1 , Parvaneh Karimzadeh  1   2 , Mohammad Mahdi Taghdiri  1   2 , Mohammad Mahdi Nasehi  1   2 , Mohsen Javadzadeh  1   2 , Elaheh Khari  1
Affiliations
Review

Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders in Children: A Brief Review

Ali Nikkhah et al. Iran J Child Neurol. 2019 Spring.

Abstract

Movement disorders are common neurologic disturbances in childhood. There are two major types of movement disorders. Hypokinetic disorders are with paucity of voluntary movements and are very uncommon in pediatric age group. Hyperkinetic movement abnormalities are very common in children and defined as abnormal repetitive involuntary movements. Movement disorders in childhood and even in adolescents are different in etiology, timing, treatment and prognosis versus adulthood movement abnormalities. In this brief article, we reviewed common types of hyperkinetic abnormal movements in children and adolescents with emphasis on etiologies, new classifications and recent treatment strategies.

Keywords: Children; Hyperkinetic; Movement disorders; Pediatrics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Striatum and subthalamic nucleus. Gpe: globus pallidus externus. Gpi: globus pallidus internus. SNe: substantia nigra compacta, SNr: Substantia nigra reticulata. (From canlabweb.colorado.edu)
Figure 2
Figure 2
Motor control network (from natural neural network.org)
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cortico-striato-thalamic-cortex loop. STN: Subthalamic nucleus (from Nature Reviews Neuroscience).
Figure 4
Figure 4
A simple pragmatic algorithm for approach to hyperkinetic movement disorders in children (Modified form of algorithm from cpamm.asc.org)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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