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. 2019 May 2;5(5):CD002850.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002850.pub4.

Telephone counselling for smoking cessation

William Matkin  1 , José M Ordóñez-Mena, Jamie Hartmann-Boyce
Affiliations

Telephone counselling for smoking cessation

William Matkin et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Telephone services can provide information and support for smokers. Counselling may be provided proactively or offered reactively to callers to smoking cessation helplines.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of telephone support to help smokers quit, including proactive or reactive counselling, or the provision of other information to smokers calling a helpline.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register, clinicaltrials.gov, and the ICTRP for studies of telephone counselling, using search terms including 'hotlines' or 'quitline' or 'helpline'. Date of the most recent search: May 2018.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials which offered proactive or reactive telephone counselling to smokers to assist smoking cessation.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We pooled studies using a random-effects model and assessed statistical heterogeneity amongst subgroups of clinically comparable studies using the I2 statistic. In trials including smokers who did not call a quitline, we used meta-regression to investigate moderation of the effect of telephone counselling by the planned number of calls in the intervention, trial selection of participants that were motivated to quit, and the baseline support provided together with telephone counselling (either self-help only, brief face-to-face intervention, pharmacotherapy, or financial incentives).

Main results: We identified 104 trials including 111,653 participants that met the inclusion criteria. Participants were mostly adult smokers from the general population, but some studies included teenagers, pregnant women, and people with long-term or mental health conditions. Most trials (58.7%) were at high risk of bias, while 30.8% were at unclear risk, and only 11.5% were at low risk of bias for all domains assessed. Most studies (100/104) assessed proactive telephone counselling, as opposed to reactive forms.Among trials including smokers who contacted helplines (32,484 participants), quit rates were higher for smokers receiving multiple sessions of proactive counselling (risk ratio (RR) 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19 to 1.61; 14 trials, 32,484 participants; I2 = 72%) compared with a control condition providing self-help materials or brief counselling in a single call. Due to the substantial unexplained heterogeneity between studies, we downgraded the certainty of the evidence to moderate.In studies that recruited smokers who did not call a helpline, the provision of telephone counselling increased quit rates (RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.35; 65 trials, 41,233 participants; I2 = 52%). Due to the substantial unexplained heterogeneity between studies, we downgraded the certainty of the evidence to moderate. In subgroup analysis, we found no evidence that the effect of telephone counselling depended upon whether or not other interventions were provided (P = 0.21), no evidence that more intensive support was more effective than less intensive (P = 0.43), or that the effect of telephone support depended upon whether or not people were actively trying to quit smoking (P = 0.32). However, in meta-regression, telephone counselling was associated with greater effectiveness when provided as an adjunct to self-help written support (P < 0.01), or to a brief intervention from a health professional (P = 0.02); telephone counselling was less effective when provided as an adjunct to more intensive counselling. Further, telephone support was more effective for people who were motivated to try to quit smoking (P = 0.02). The findings from three additional trials of smokers who had not proactively called a helpline but were offered telephone counselling, found quit rates were higher in those offered three to five telephone calls compared to those offered just one call (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.44; 2602 participants; I2 = 0%).

Authors' conclusions: There is moderate-certainty evidence that proactive telephone counselling aids smokers who seek help from quitlines, and moderate-certainty evidence that proactive telephone counselling increases quit rates in smokers in other settings. There is currently insufficient evidence to assess potential variations in effect from differences in the number of contacts, type or timing of telephone counselling, or when telephone counselling is provided as an adjunct to other smoking cessation therapies. Evidence was inconclusive on the effect of reactive telephone counselling, due to a limited number studies, which reflects the difficulty of studying this intervention.

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Conflict of interest statement

WM: none known. JOM: none known. JHB: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram for most recent update
2
2
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
3
3
Comparison 1. Interventions for callers to quitlines. Effect of additional proactive calls.
4
4
Comparison 6. Interventions for smokers not calling quitlines ‐ subgroups by baseline support.
5
5
Funnel plot of studies in Comparison 1: Interventions for callers to quitlines ‐ effect of additional proactive calls.
6
6
Funnel plot of studies in Comparison 6: Interventions for smokers not calling quitlines ‐ subgroups by baseline support.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Interventions for callers to quitlines ‐ effect of additional proactive calls, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Interventions for callers to quitlines ‐ comparison of different intensities, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Interventions for callers to quitlines ‐ subgroups by counseling intensity, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Interventions for callers to quitlines ‐ comparison of different support at initial call, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Offer of counselling via quitlines/helplines/hotlines, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Interventions for smokers not calling quitlines ‐ subgroups by baseline support, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Interventions for smokers not calling quitlines ‐ intense versus minimal telephone counselling, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 Interventions for smokers not calling quitlines ‐ subgroups by counseling intensity, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Interventions for smokers not calling quitlines ‐ subgroups by motivation, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Other studies, Outcome 1 Cessation at longest follow‐up.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. McClure J, Wetter D, Curry SJ. Acceptability of proactive contact and counseling among female smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2004;6(4):722.
    1. McClure JB, Westbrook E, Curry SJ, Wetter DW. Proactive, motivationally enhanced smoking cessation counseling among women with elevated cervical cancer risk. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7(6):881‐9. - PubMed
McClure 2011 {published data only}
    1. McClure JB, Catz SL, Ludman EJ, Richards J, Riggs K, Grothaus L. Feasibility and acceptability of a multiple risk factor intervention: the Step Up randomized pilot trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:167. - PMC - PubMed
McFall 1993 {published data only}
    1. McFall SL, Michener A, Rubin D, Flay BR, Mermelstein RJ, Burton D, et al. The effects and use of maintenance newsletters in a smoking cessation intervention. Addictive Behaviors 1993;18(2):151‐8. - PubMed
Metz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Flöter S, Metz K, Kroeger C, Donath C, Piontek D, Gradi S. Evaluation of telephone booster sessions after intensive in‐patient treatment ‐ a randomized treatment control trial (POS1‐78). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting 2006 February 15‐18, Orlando, Florida. 2006.
    1. Metz K, Flöter S, Kroger C, Donath C, Piontek D, Gradl S. Telephone booster sessions for optimizing smoking cessation for patients in rehabilitation centers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(8):853‐63. - PubMed
    1. Metz K, Kroeger C, Schuetz C, Flöter S, Donath C. Which smoking cessation intervention works for smokers with an alcohol addiction?. 68th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence. 2006.
Miguez 2002 {published data only}
    1. Miguez MC, Becoña E. Abstinence from smoking ten years after participation in a randomized controlled trial of a self‐help program. Addictive Behaviors 2008;33(10):1369‐74. - PubMed
    1. Miguez MC, Vázquez FL, Becoña E. Effectiveness of telephone contact as an adjunct to a self‐help program for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial in Spanish smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2002;27(1):139‐44. - PubMed
Miguez 2008 {published data only}
    1. Miguez MC, Becoña E. Evaluating the effectiveness of a single telephone contact as an adjunct to a self‐help intervention for smoking cessation in a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(1):129‐35. - PubMed
Miller 1997 {published data only}
    1. Miller NH, Smith PM, DeBusk RF, Sobel DS, Taylor CB. Smoking cessation in hospitalized patients ‐ Results of a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(4):409‐15. - PubMed
NCT00534404 {published data only}
    1. NCT00534404. iQuit Smoking: a randomized trial of internet access to nicotine patches. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00534404 (first received 24 September 2007).
Nohlert 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nohlert E, Öhrvik J, Helgason ÁR. Effectiveness of proactive and reactive services at the Swedish National Tobacco Quitline in a randomized trial. Tobacco Induced Diseases 2014;12(1):9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Nohlert E, Öhrvik J, Helgason ÁR. Non‐responders in a quitline evaluation are more likely to be smokers – a drop‐out and long‐term follow‐up study of the Swedish National Tobacco Quitline. Tobacco Induced Diseases 2016;14:5. - PMC - PubMed
Ockene 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ockene JK, Kristeller J, Goldberg R, Amick TL, Pekow PS, Hosmer D, et al. Increasing the efficacy of physician‐delivered smoking interventions: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1991;6(1):1‐8. - PubMed
    1. Ockene JK, Kristeller J, Pbert L, Hebert JR, Luippold R, Goldberg RJ, et al. The physician‐delivered smoking intervention project: can short‐term interventions produce long‐term effects for a general outpatient population?. Health Psychology 1994;13(3):278‐81. - PubMed
Orleans 1991 {published data only}
    1. Orleans CT, Schoenbach VJ, Wagner EH, Quade D, Salmon MA, Pearson DC, et al. Self‐help quit smoking interventions: effects of self‐help materials, social support instructions, and telephone counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991;59(3):439‐48. - PubMed
    1. Schoenbach VJ, Orleans CT, Wagner EH, Quade D, Salmon MAP, Porter CQ. Characteristics of smokers who enroll and quit in self‐help programs. Health Education Research 1992;7:369‐80.
Orleans 1998 {published data only}
    1. Orleans CT, Boyd NR, Bingler R, Sutton C, Fairclough D, Heller D, et al. A self‐help intervention for African American smokers: tailoring cancer information service counseling for a special population. Preventive Medicine 1998;27(5):S61‐S70. - PubMed
Osinubi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Osinubi OY, Moline J, Rovner E, Sinha S, Perez‐Lugo M, Demissie K, et al. A pilot study of telephone‐based smoking cessation intervention in asbestos workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2003;45(5):569‐74. - PubMed
Ossip‐Klein 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ossip Klein DJ, Giovino GA, Megahed N, Black PM, Emont SL, Stiggins J, et al. Effects of a smoker's hotline: results of a 10‐county self‐help trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991;59(2):325‐32. - PubMed
Ossip‐Klein 1997 {published data only}
    1. Ossip Klein DJ, Carosella AM, Krusch DA. Self‐help interventions for older smokers. Tobacco Control 1997;6(3):188‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Peterson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Heffner JL, Kealey KA, Marek PM, Bricker JB, Ludman EJ, Peterson AV Jr. Proactive telephone counseling for adolescent smokers: comparing regular smokers with infrequent and occasional smokers on treatment receptivity, engagement, and outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2016;165:229‐235. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liu J, Peterson AV, Kealey KA, Mann SL, Bricker JB, Marek PM. Addressing challenges in adolescent smoking cessation: design and baseline characteristics of the HS group‐randomized trial. Preventive Medicine 2007;45(2‐3):215‐25. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Peterson AV Jr, Marek PM, Kealey KA, Bricker JB, Ludman EJ, Heffner JL. Does effectiveness of adolescent smoking‐cessation intervention endure into young adulthood? 7‐year follow‐up results from a group‐randomized trial. PloS One 2016;11(2):e0146459. - PMC - PubMed
Piper 2016 {published data only}
    1. Baker TB, Collins LM, Mermelstein R, Piper ME, Schlam TR, Cook JW, et al. Enhancing the effectiveness of smoking treatment research: conceptual bases and progress. Addiction 2016;111(1):107‐16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Piper ME, Cook JW, Schlam TR, Smith SS, Bolt DM, Collins LM, et al. Toward precision smoking cessation treatment II: proximal effects of smoking cessation intervention components on putative mechanisms of action. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2017;171:50‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Piper ME, Fiore MC, Smith SS, Fraser D, Bolt DM, Collins LM, et al. Identifying effective intervention components for smoking cessation: a factorial screening experiment. Addiction 2016;111(1):129‐41. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Piper ME, Schlam TR, Cook JW, Smith SS, Bolt DM, Loh WY, et al. Toward precision smoking cessation treatment I: moderator results from a factorial experiment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2017;171:59‐65. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schlam TR, Fiore MC, Smith SS, Fraser D, Bolt DM, Collins LM, et al. Comparative effectiveness of intervention components for producing long‐term abstinence from smoking: a factorial screening experiment. Addiction 2016;111(1):142‐55. - PMC - PubMed
Prochaska 1993 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Prochaska JO, Clemente CC, Velicer WF, Rossi JS. Standardized, individualized, interactive, and personalized self‐help programs for smoking cessation. Health Psychology 1993;12(5):399‐405. - PubMed
Prochaska 2001 {published data only}
    1. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, Fava JL, Ruggiero L, Laforge RG, Rossi JS, et al. Counselor and stimulus control enhancements of a stage‐matched expert system intervention for smokers in a managed care setting. Preventive Medicine 2001;32(1):23‐32. - PubMed
Rabius 2004 {published data only}
    1. McAlister AL, Rabius V, Geiger A, Glynn TJ, Huang P, Todd R. Telephone assistance for smoking cessation: one year cost effectiveness estimations. Tobacco Control 2004;13(1):85‐6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rabius V, McAlister AL, Geiger A, Huang P, Todd R. Telephone counseling increases cessation rates among young adult smokers. Health Psychology 2004;23(5):539‐41. - PubMed
Rabius 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rabius V, Pike J, Geiger AT, McAlister AL. Telephone counseling for smoking cessation; effects of number and duration of counseling sessions and NRT use (PA2‐3). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting 2004 February 18‐21, Phoenix, Arizona. 2004.
    1. Rabius V, Pike J, Hunter J, Wiatrek D, McAlister A. Optimizing telephone counseling for smoking cessation: Six‐month effects of varying the number and duration of counseling sessions. American Association for Cancer Research. Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research. 2006 November 12‐15, Boston, MA. 2006.
    1. Rabius V, Pike KJ, Hunter J, Wiatrek D, McAlister AL. Effects of frequency and duration in telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Tobacco Control 2007;16 Suppl 1:i71‐4. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rabius V, Villars P, Pike J, Geiger AT, Hunter J, McAlister AL. Depression and other factors in cost‐effective tailoring of telephone counseling. National Conference on Tobacco or Health 2005 May 4‐6, Chicago, Ill. 2005.
Ramon 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ramon JM, Nerin I, Comino A, Pinet C, Abella F, Carreras JM, et al. A multicentre randomized trial of combined individual and telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Preventive Medicine 2013;57(3):183‐8. - PubMed
Reid 1999a {published data only}
    1. D'Angelo ME, Reid RD, Brown KS, Pipe AL. Gender differences in predictors for long‐term smoking cessation following physician advice and nicotine replacement therapy. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2001;92(6):418‐22. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Reid RD, Pipe A, Dafoe WA. Is telephone counselling a useful addition to physician advice and nicotine replacement therapy in helping patients to stop smoking? A randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1999;160(11):1577‐81. - PMC - PubMed
Reid 2007 {published data only}
    1. Reid RD, Pipe AL, Quinlan B, Oda J. Interactive voice response telephony to promote smoking cessation in patients with heart disease: A pilot study. Patient Education and Counseling 2007;66(3):319‐26. - PubMed
Reid 2018 {published data only}
    1. Reid RD, Aitken DA, McDonnell L, Armstrong A, MullenKA, Jones L, et al. Randomized trial of an automated telephone follow‐up system for smoking cessation insmokers with CHD. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2011;27(5 Suppl 1):S67.
    1. Reid RD, Aitken DA, Mullen KA, McDonnell L, Armstrong A, Leblanc AG, et al. Automated telephone follow‐up for smoking cessation in smokers with coronary heart disease: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research May 25 2018 [Epub ahead of print]. - PubMed
Rigotti 2006 {published data only}
    1. Park ER, Quinn VP, Chang Y, Regan S, Loudin B, Cummins S, et al. Recruiting pregnant smokers into a clinical trial: using a network‐model managed care organization versus community‐based practices. Preventive Medicine 2007;44(3):223‐9. - PubMed
    1. Rigotti NA, Park ER, Chang Y, Regan S. Smoking cessation medication use among pregnant and postpartum smokers. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2008;111(2 Pt 1):348‐55. - PubMed
    1. Rigotti NA, Park ER, Chang Y, Regan S, Perry K. Actual practice when evidence is unclear: how often do pregnant smokers use cessation medications and how often do obstetric providers recommend them? (PA6‐2). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 13th Annual Meeting; 2007 February 21‐24, Austin, Texas 2007:25. []
    1. Rigotti NA, Park ER, Regan S, Chang Y, Perry K, Loudin B, et al. Efficacy of telephone counseling for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;108(1):83‐92. - PubMed
Rimer 1994 {published data only}
    1. Rimer BK, Orleans CT, Fleisher L, Cristinzio S. Does tailoring matter? The impact of a tailored guide on ratings and short‐term smoking‐related outcomes for older smokers. Health Education Research 1994;9(1):69‐84. - PubMed
Rogers 2016 {published data only}
    1. Axtmayer A, Rogers E, Sherman S. Telephone‐based smoking cessation treatment for mental health patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2011;26:S353.
    1. Parker L, Rogers E, Wang B, Sherman S. Smoking cessation in the elderly: Is it too late?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2014;62:S153.
    1. Rogers E, Fernandez S, Gillespie C, Smelson D, Hagedorn HJ, Elbel B, et al. Telephone care coordination for smokers in VA mental health clinics: protocol for a hybrid type‐2 effectiveness‐implementation trial. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice 2013;8:7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rogers E, Fernandez S, Smelson D, Axtmayer A, Sherman SE. Proactive telephone smoking cessation treatment in a VA mental health population: Preliminary treatment engagement and cessation outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2011;26:S343.
    1. Rogers ES, Gillespie C, Zabar S, Sherman SE. Using standardized patients to train telephone counselors for a clinical trial. BMC Research Notes 2014;7:341. - PMC - PubMed
Schlam 2016 {published data only}
    1. Baker TB, Collins LM, Mermelstein R, Piper ME, Schlam TR, Cook JW, et al. Enhancing the effectiveness of smoking treatment research: conceptual bases and progress. Addiction 2016;111(1):107‐16. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Piper ME, Fiore MC, Smith SS, Fraser D, Bolt DM, Collins LM, et al. Identifying effective intervention components for smoking cessation: a factorial screening experiment. Addiction 2016;111(1):129‐41. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schlam TR, Fiore MC, Smith SS, Fraser D, Bolt DM, Collins LM, et al. Comparative effectiveness of intervention components for producing long‐term abstinence from smoking: a factorial screening experiment. Addiction 2016;111(1):142‐55. - PMC - PubMed
Schuck 2014 {published data only}
    1. Schuck K, Bricker JB, Otten R, Kleinjan M, Brandon TH, Engels RC. Effectiveness of proactive quitline counselling for smoking parents recruited through primary schools: results of a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2014;109(5):830‐41. - PubMed
    1. Schuck K, Otten R, Kleinjan M, Bricker JB, Engels RC. Effectiveness of proactive telephone counselling for smoking cessation in parents: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:732. - PMC - PubMed
Sherman 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sherman SE, Cummins S, Finney J, Kalra P, Kuschner W, York L, et al. Preliminary results from a study of telephone care coordination for smoking cessation. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2008;23((Suppl 2)):376‐7.
    1. Sherman SE, Krebs P, York LS, Cummins SE, Kuschner W, Guvenc‐Tuncturk S, et al. Telephone care co‐ordination for tobacco cessation: randomised trials testing proactive versus reactive models. Tobacco Control 2017;27(1):78‐82. - PubMed
Sims 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sims T, Smith SS, McAfee T, Baker TB, Fiore M, Sheffer M. Randomized clinical trial to evaluate quitline cessation counseling for 18 to 24 year‐old smokers [PA2‐1]. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 17th Annual Meeting, 2011 February 16‐19, Toronto. 2011:17.
    1. Sims TH, McAfee T, Fraser DL, Baker TB, Fiore MC, Smith SS. Quitline cessation counseling for young adult smokers: a randomized clinical trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013;15(5):932‐41. - PMC - PubMed
Skov‐Ettrup 2016 {published data only}
    1. Skov‐Ettrup LS, Dalum P, Bech M, Tolstrup JS. The effectiveness of telephone counselling and internet‐ and text‐message‐based support for smoking cessation: results from a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2016;111(7):1257‐66. - PubMed
    1. Skov‐Ettrup LS, Dalum P, Ekholm O, Tolstrup JS. Reach and uptake of Internet‐ and phone‐based smoking cessation interventions: results from a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2014;62:38‐43. - PubMed
    1. Skov‐Ettrup LS, Dalum P, Tolstrup JS. Internet‐based intervention and telephone counselling for smoking cessation: Results from a 4‐arm randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Epidemiology 2013;28(1 Suppl 1):S48‐S49.
Smith 2004 {published data only}
    1. Smith PM, Cameron R, McDonald PW, Kawash B, Madill C, Brown KS. Telephone counseling for population‐based smoking cessation. American Journal of Health Behavior 2004;28(3):231‐41. - PubMed
    1. Smith PM, Cameron R, Payne B, Madill C, McDonald P, Brown S. Randomised controlled trial of a telephone smoking cessation program: effect of 3 vs 7 calls. 11th World Conference on Tobacco or Health; 2000 August 6‐11, Chicago, Illinois. 2000; Vol. 1.
Smith 2013 {published data only}
    1. Smith SS, Keller PA, Kobinsky KH, Baker TB, Fraser DL, Bush T, et al. Enhancing tobacco quitline effectiveness: Identifying a superior pharmacotherapy adjuvant. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013; Vol. 15, issue 3:718‐28. [] - PMC - PubMed
Solomon 2000 {published data only}
    1. Solomon LJ, Scharoun GM, Flynn BS, Secker‐Walker RH, Sepinwall D. Free nicotine patches plus proactive telephone peer support to help low‐income women stop smoking. Preventive Medicine 2000;31(1):68‐74. - PubMed
Solomon 2005 {published data only}
    1. Solomon LJ, Marcy TW, Howe KD, Skelly JM, Reinier K, Flynn BS. Does extended proactive telephone support increase smoking cessation among low‐income women using nicotine patches?. Preventive Medicine 2005;40(3):306‐13. - PubMed
Sood 2009 {published data only}
    1. Coleman T. Adding live, reactive telephone counselling to self‐help literature does not increase smoking cessation. Evidence‐Based Medicine 2010;15(2):53‐4. - PubMed
    1. Gilbert H. Adding live, reactive telephone counselling to self‐help literature does not increase smoking cessation. Evidence‐Based Nursing 2010;13(2):42. - PubMed
    1. Pbert L. Enhancing the effect of telephone quitline counseling through proactive call‐back counseling. Chest 2009;136(5):1199‐200. - PubMed
    1. Sood A, Andoh J, Verhulst S, Ganesh M, Edson B, Hopkins‐Price P. "Real‐world" effectiveness of reactive telephone counseling for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2009;136(5):1229‐36. - PMC - PubMed
Sorensen 2007a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hunt MK, Harley AE, Stoddard AM, Lederman RI, MacArthur MJ, Sorensen G. Elements of external validity of tools for health: an intervention for construction laborers. American Journal of Health Promotion 2010;24(5):e11‐20. - PubMed
    1. Sorensen G, Barbeau EM, Stoddard AM, Hunt MK, Goldman R, Smith A, et al. Tools for health: the efficacy of a tailored intervention targeted for construction laborers. Cancer Causes & Control 2007;18(1):51‐9. - PubMed
Stotts 2002 {published data only}
    1. Stotts AL, Diclemente CC, Dolan‐Mullen P. One‐to‐one ‐ A motivational intervention for resistant pregnant smokers. Addictive Behaviors 2002;27(2):275‐92. - PubMed
Sumner 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sumner W, Walker MS, Highstein GR, Fischer I, Yan Y, McQueen A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of directive and nondirective smoking cessation coaching through an employee quitline. BMC Public Health 2016;16:550. - PMC - PubMed
Swan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Jack LM, Swan GE, Thompson E, Curry SJ, McAfee T, Dacey S, et al. Bupropion SR and smoking cessation in actual practice: methods for recruitment, screening, and exclusion for a field trial in a managed‐care setting. Preventive Medicine 2003;36(5):585‐93. - PubMed
    1. Javitz HS, Swan GE, Zbikowski SM, Curry SJ, McAfee TA, Decker DL, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation: a societal perspective. American Journal of Managed Care 2004;10(3):217‐26. - PubMed
    1. McAfee T, Zbikowski SM, Bush T, McClure J, Swan G, Jack LM, et al. The effectiveness of bupropion SR and phone counseling for light and heavy smokers [abstract]. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2004;6:721.
    1. Swan GE, Jack LM, Curry S, Chorost M, Javitz H, McAfee T, et al. Bupropion SR and counseling for smoking cessation in actual practice: Predictors of outcome. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2003;5(6):911‐21. - PubMed
    1. Swan GE, Jack LM, Javitz HS, McAfee T, McClure JB. Predictors of 12‐month outcome in smokers who received bupropion sustained‐release for smoking cessation. Central Nervous System Drugs 2008;22(3):239‐56. - PubMed
Swan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Halperin AC, McAfee TA, Jack LM, Catz SL, McClure JB, Deprey TM, et al. Impact of symptoms experienced by varenicline users on tobacco treatment in a real world setting. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2009;36(4):428‐34. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Javitz HS, Zbikowski SM, Deprey M, McAfee TA, McClure JB, Richards J, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of varenicline and three different behavioral treatment formats for smoking cessation. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2011; Vol. 1, issue 1:182‐90. [] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Swan GE, McClure JB, Jack LM, Zbikowski SM, Javitz HS, Catz SL, et al. Behavioral counseling and varenicline treatment for smoking cessation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;38(5):482‐90. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zbikowski SM, Jack LM, McClure JB, Deprey M, Javitz HS, Mcafee TA, et al. Utilization of services in a randomized trial testing phone‐ and web‐based interventions for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011;13(5):319‐27. - PMC - PubMed
Thomas 2016 {published data only}
    1. Thomas JL, Luo X, Bengtson J, Wang Q, Ghidei W, Nyman J, et al. Enhancing Quit & Win contests to improve cessation among college smokers: a randomized clinical trial. Addiction 2016;111(2):331‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Thompson 1993 {published data only}
    1. Kinne S, Thompson B, Wooldridge JA. Response to a telephone smoking information line. American Journal of Health Promotion 1991;5(6):410‐3. - PubMed
    1. Thompson B, Kinne S, Lewis FM, Wooldridge JA. Randomized telephone smoking‐intervention trial initially directed at blue‐collar workers. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs 1993;1993(14):105‐12. - PubMed
Tzelepis 2011a {published data only}
    1. Carpenter MJ. Proactive recruitment in clinical trials: an idea whose time has come. Tobacco Control 2011;20(4):317. - PubMed
    1. Tzelepis F, Paul CL, Walsh RA, Knight J, Wiggers J. Who enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of quitline support? Comparison of participants versus nonparticipants. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013;15(12):2107‐13. - PubMed
    1. Tzelepis F, Paul CL, Walsh RA, Wiggers J, Duncan SL, Knight J. Active telephone recruitment to quitline services: are nonvolunteer smokers receptive to cessation support?. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(10):1205‐15. - PubMed
    1. Tzelepis F, Paul CL, Walsh RA, Wiggers J, Duncan SL, Knight J. Predictors of abstinence among smokers recruited actively to quitline support. Addiction 2013; Vol. 108, issue 1:181‐5. [] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tzelepis F, Paul CL, Walsh RA, Wiggers J, Knight J, Lecathelinais C, et al. Telephone recruitment into a randomized controlled trial of quitline support. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009;37(4):324‐9. - PubMed
Vander Weg 2016 {published data only}
    1. Vander Weg MW, Cozad AJ, Howren MB, Cretzmeyer M, Scherubel M, Turvey C, et al. An individually‐tailored smoking cessation intervention for rural Veterans: a pilot randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):811. - PMC - PubMed
Velicer 2006 {published data only}
    1. Velicer WF, Friedman RH, Fava JL, Gulliver SB, Keller S, Sun X, et al. Evaluating nicotine replacement therapy and stage‐based therapies in a population‐based effectiveness trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(6):1162‐72. - PubMed
Warner 2016 {published data only}
    1. Warner DO, Nolan MB, Kadimpati S, Burke MV, Hanson AC, Schroeder DR. Quitline tobacco interventions in hospitalized patients: a randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016;51(4):473‐84. - PubMed
Wu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wu L, He Y, Jiang B, Zhang D, Tian H, Zuo F, et al. Very brief physician advice and supplemental proactive telephone calls to promote smoking reduction and cessation in Chinese male smokers with no intention to quit: a randomized trial. Addiction 2017;112(11):2032‐40. - PubMed
Young 2008 {published data only}
    1. Young JM, Girgis S, Bruce TA, Hobbs M, Ward JE. Acceptability and effectiveness of opportunistic referral of smokers to telephone cessation advice from a nurse: a randomised trial in Australian general practice. BMC Family Practice 2008;9:16. - PMC - PubMed
Zhu 1996 {published data only}
    1. Zhu SH, Stretch V, Balabanis M, Rosbrook BP, Sadler G, Pierce JP. Telephone counseling for smoking cessation ‐ effects of single‐session and multiple‐session interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64(1):202‐11. - PubMed
Zhu 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zhu SH, Anderson CM, Tedeschi GJ, Rosbrook B, Johnson CE, Byrd M, et al. Evidence of real‐world effectiveness of a telephone quitline for smokers. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347(14):1087‐93. - PubMed
Zhu 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tedeschi GJ, Zhu S‐H, Cummins SE, Shin H, Nguyen MH. Counselling Asian smokers: key considerations for a telephone intervention. Journal of Smoking Cessation 2013;8(1):2‐10.
    1. Zhu SH, Cummins SE, Wong S, Gamst AC, Tedeschi GJ, Reyes‐Nocon J. The effects of a multilingual telephone quitline for Asian smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2012;104(4):299‐310. - PMC - PubMed
Zwar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Halcomb EJ, Furler JS, Hermiz OS, Blackberry ID, Smith JP, Richmond RL, et al. Process evaluation of a practice nurse‐led smoking cessation trial in Australian general practice: Views of general practitioners and practice nurses. Family Practice 2015;32(4):468‐73. - PubMed
    1. Zwar N, Richmond R, Halcomb E, Furler J, Smith J, Hermiz O, et al. Supporting smoking cessation in primary care: Results of the quit in general practice study. Respirology 2014;19(Suppl 2):23.
    1. Zwar N, Richmond RL, Halcomb E, Furler J, Smith J, Hermiz O, et al. Supporting smoking cessation in Australian primary care: Results of the quit in general practice study. Global Heart 2014;9(1 Suppl):e232.
    1. Zwar NA, Richmond RL, Halcomb EJ, Furler JS, Smith JP, Hermize O, et al. Quit in general practice: A cluster randomized trial of enhanced in‐practice support for smoking cessation. Family Practice 2015;32(2):173‐80. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abroms 2014 {published data only}
    1. Abroms LC, Boal AL, Simmens SJ, Mendel JA, Windsor RA. A randomized trial of Text2Quit: a text messaging program for smoking cessation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014;47(3):242‐50. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Heminger CL, Boal AL, Zumer M, Abroms LC. Text2Quit: an analysis of participant engagement in the mobile smoking cessation program. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2016;42(4):450‐8. - PubMed
    1. Hoeppner BB, Hoeppner SS, Abroms LC. How do text‐messaging smoking cessation interventions confer benefit? A multiple mediation analysis of Text2Quit. Addiction 2017;112(4):673‐82. - PMC - PubMed
Ahijevych 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ahijevych K, Wewers ME. Low‐intensity smoking cessation intervention among African‐ American women cigarette smokers ‐ a pilot study. American Journal of Health Promotion 1995;9(5):337‐9. - PubMed
Alonso‐Perez 2007 {published data only}
    1. Alonso‐Perez F, Secades‐Villa R, Duarte CG. Are psychological treatments effective to stop smoking?. Trastornos Adictivos 2007;9(1):21‐30.
Amos 1995 {published data only}
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An 2008 {published data only}
    1. An LC, Bluhm JH, Foldes SS, Alesci NL, Klatt CM, Center BA, et al. A randomized trial of a pay‐for‐performance program targeting clinician referral to a state tobacco quitline. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;168(18):1993‐9. - PubMed
Asfar 2010 {published data only}
    1. Asfar T, Klesges RC, Sanford SD, Sherrill‐Mittleman D, Robison LL, Hudson MM, et al. Trial design: The St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Cancer Survivors Tobacco Quit Line study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010; Vol. 31, issue 1:82‐91. [] - PMC - PubMed
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Augustine 2015 {published data only}
    1. Augustine MR, Strauss H, Levine DM, Chugh P, Wang B, Grossman E, et al. Predictors of adherence to telephone counseling for smoking cessation amongst veterans presenting to VA mental health clinics. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2015;30:S232‐S233.
Baker 2015 {published data only}
    1. Baker A, Richmond R, Kay‐Lambkin F, Castle D, Filia S, Williams J, et al. Smoking and other cardiovascular disease risk behaviours among people with severe mental disorders. Schizophrenia Research 2012;136:S175.
    1. Baker A, Richmond R, Kay‐Lambkin F, Filia S, Castle D, Williams J, et al. A smoking intervention among people with psychotic disorders‐preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;8:339.
    1. Baker AL, Richmond R, Kay‐Lambkin FJ, Filia SL, Castle D, Williams JM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a healthy lifestyle intervention among smokers With psychotic disorders. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015;17(8):946‐54. - PubMed
Balanda 1999 {published data only}
    1. Balanda KP, Lowe JB, O'Connor‐Fleming ML. Comparison of two self‐help smoking cessation booklets. Tobacco Control 1999;8(1):57‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Berndt 2014 {published data only}
    1. Berndt N, Bolman C, Froelicher ES, Mudde A, Candel M, Vries H, et al. Effectiveness of a telephone delivered and a face‐to‐face delivered counseling intervention for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a 6‐month follow‐up. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2014;37(4):709‐24. - PubMed
    1. Berndt N, Bolman C, Lechner L, Max W, Mudde A, Vries H, et al. Economic evaluation of a telephone‐ and face‐to‐face‐delivered counseling intervention for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease. European Journal of Health Economics 2016;17(3):269‐85. - PubMed
    1. Berndt N, Bolman C, Lechner L, Mudde A, Verheugt FW, Vries H. Effectiveness of two intensive treatment methods for smoking cessation and relapse prevention in patients with coronary heart disease: study protocol and baseline description. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2012;12:33. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Berndt N, Vries H, Lechner L, Acker F, Froelicher ES, Verheugt F, et al. High intensity smoking cessation interventions: cardiac patients of low socioeconomic status and low intention to quit profit most. Netherlands Heart Journal 2017;25(1):24‐32. - PMC - PubMed
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Bernstein 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bernstein SL, Dziura J, Weiss J, Miller T, Vickerman KA, Grau LE, et al. Tobacco dependence treatment in the emergency department: a randomized trial using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;66:1‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Best 1977 {published data only}
    1. Best JA, Bass F, Owen LE. Mode of service delivery in a smoking cessation program for public health. Canadian Journal of Public Health 1977;68(6):469‐73. - PubMed
Bliksrud 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bliksrud T, Nygaard E. Telephone Quitline and changed smoking behavior [Royketelefonen og endret roykeatferd]. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 2002; Vol. 122, issue 27:2616‐8. [] - PubMed
Bock 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bock BC, Becker BM, Niaura RS, Partridge R, Fava JL, Trask P. Smoking cessation among patients in an emergency chest pain observation unit: outcomes of the Chest Pain Smoking Study (CPSS). Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(10):1523‐31. - PubMed
Borland 1989 {published data only}
    1. Borland R. Three‐month follow‐up on callers to a telephone counselling service in 1987. Quit Evaluation Studies: Volume 3 Chapter 6 www.quit.org.au 1989 (accessed 18 July 2000).
Borland 2004 {published data only}
    1. Borland R, Balmford J, Hunt D. The effectiveness of personally tailored computer‐generated advice letters for smoking cessation. Addiction 2004;99(3):369‐77. - PubMed
Boyle 2004 {published data only}
    1. Boyle RG, Pronk NP, Enstad CJ. A randomized trial of telephone counseling with adult moist snuff users. American Journal of Health Behavior 2004;28(4):347‐51. - PubMed
Boyle 2008 {published data only}
    1. Boyle RG, Enstad C, Asche SE, Thoele MJ, Sherwood NE, Severson HH, et al. A randomized controlled trial of telephone counseling with smokeless tobacco users: the ChewFree Minnesota study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(9):1433‐40. - PubMed
Brandon 2000 {published data only}
    1. Brandon TH, Collins BN, Juliano LM, Lazev AB. Preventing relapse among former smokers: A comparison of minimal interventions through telephone and mail. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(1):103‐13. - PubMed
Bronshtein 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bronshtein E, Ondersma SJ, Sokol RJ. Optimizing ehealth for smoking in pregnancy: a pilot factorial evaluation of providing single vs multiple options. Reproductive Sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 2016;Conference: 63rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation, SGI 2016 Montreal, QC Canada(Suppl 1):195A.
Brunner‐Frandsen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Brunner‐Frandsen NS, Bak S. Smoking cessation intervention after stroke or transient ischemic attack. A randomised controlled trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2010;29:323. - PubMed
Buchanan 2004 {published data only}
    1. Buchanan LM, Banna M, White A, Moses S, Siedlik C, Wood M. An exploratory study of multicomponent treatment intervention for tobacco dependency. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2004;36(4):324‐30. - PubMed
Buller 2012 {published data only}
    1. Buller D, Borland R, Severson H, Bettinghaus E, Halperin A, Tinkelman D, et al. Results of a randomized trial comparing an online smoking cessation program to a self‐help booklet and telephone quit line among young adults (POS2‐17). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 18th Annual Meeting; 2012 March 13‐16, Houston, Texas. 2012:66. []
Burns 2010 {published data only}
    1. Burns EK, Tong S, Levinson AH. Reduced NRT supplies through a quitline: smoking cessation differences. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2010;12(8):845‐9. - PubMed
Bush 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bush T, Levine MD, Beebe LA, Cerutti B, Deprey M, McAfee T, et al. Addressing weight gain in smoking cessation treatment: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Health Promotion 2012;27(2):94‐102. [] - PMC - PubMed
Bush 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bush T, Lovejoy J, Javitz H, Magnusson B, Torres AJ, Mahuna S, et al. Comparative effectiveness of adding weight control simultaneously or sequentially to smoking cessation quitlines: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16:615. - PMC - PubMed
Carlini 2008 {published data only}
    1. Carlini BH, Zbikowski SM, Javitz HS, Deprey TM, Cummins SE, Zhu SH. Telephone‐based tobacco‐cessation treatment: re‐enrollment among diverse groups. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008;35(1):73‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Carlini 2012 {published data only}
    1. Carlini BH, McDaniel A, Weaver M, Kauffman R, Cerutti B, Stratton RM, et al. No smokers left behind: using interactive voice response technology to recycle low income smokers back to quitline treatment ‐ a randomized control trial (POS2‐21). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 18th Annual Meeting; 2012 March 13‐16, Houston, Texas. 2012:67. []
    1. Carlini BH, McDaniel AM, Weaver MT, Kauffman RM, Cerutti B, Stratton RM, et al. Reaching out, inviting back: using Interactive voice response (IVR) technology to recycle relapsed smokers back to Quitline treatment‐‐a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2012;12(1):507. [] - PMC - PubMed
Carlin‐Menter 2011 {published data only}
    1. Carlin‐Menter S, Cummings KM, Celestino P, Hyland A, Mahoney MC, Willett J, et al. Does offering more support calls to smokers influence quit success?. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice 2011;17(3):E9‐15. - PubMed
Carreras 2007 {published data only}
    1. Carreras Castellet JM, Fletes DI, Quesada LM, Sanchez TB, Sanchez AL. Design and early results of a proactive telephone‐based smoking cessation treatment compared with face‐to‐face group sessions. Medicina Clinica 2007;128(7):247‐50. - PubMed
Cheung 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cheung K, Wong I, Brubacher J, Abu‐Laban R, Schulzer M. Emergency department tobacco cessation counseling: implementation and evaluation of a community‐based program: a pilot study (conference abstract). Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 2013;15(S79):S3.
Cheung 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cheung KW, Wong IW, Fingrut W, Tsai APY, Ke SR, Shojaie S, et al. Randomized controlled trial of emergency department initiated smoking cessation counselling and referral to a community counselling service. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine 2018;20(4):556‐64. - PubMed
Choi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Choi SH, Waltje AH, Ronis DL, Noonan D, Hong O, Richardson CR, et al. Web‐enhanced tobacco tactics with telephone support versus 1‐800‐QUIT‐NOW telephone line intervention for operating engineers: randomized controlled trial. Journal Medical Internet Research 2014;16(11):e255. - PMC - PubMed
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Conway 2004 {published data only}
    1. Conway TL, Woodruff SI, Edwards CC, Elder JP, Hurtado SL, Hervig LK. Operation Stay Quit: evaluation of two smoking relapse prevention strategies for women after involuntary cessation during US Navy recruit training. Military Medicine 2004;169(3):236‐42. - PubMed
Cooper 2004 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Cooper TV, Debon MW, Stockton M, Klesges RC, Steenbergh TA, Sherrill‐Mittleman D, et al. Correlates of adherence with transdermal nicotine. Addictive Behaviors 2004;29(8):1565‐78. - PubMed
Cummings 1988 {published data only}
    1. Cummings KM, Emont SL, Jaen C, Sciandra R. Format and quitting instructions as factors influencing the impact of a self‐administered quit smoking program. Health Education Quarterly 1988;15(2):199‐216. - PubMed
    1. Jaen CR, Cummings KM, Zielezny M, O'Shea R. Patterns and predictors of smoking cessation among users of a telephone hotline. Public Health Reports 1993;108(6):772‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Cummings 1989 {published data only}
    1. Cummings KM, Sciandra R, Davis S, Rimer B. Response to anti‐smoking campaign aimed at mothers with young children. Health Education Research 1989;4:429‐37.
Cummings 2006a {published data only}
    1. Cummings KM, Hyland A, Fix B, Bauer U, Celestino P, Carlin‐Menter S, et al. Free nicotine patch giveaway program 12‐month follow‐up of participants. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006;31(2):181‐4. - PubMed
    1. Miller N, Frieden TR, Liu SY, Matte TD, Mostashari F, Deitcher DR, et al. Effectiveness of a large‐scale distribution programme of free nicotine patches: a prospective evaluation. Lancet 2005;365(9474):1849‐54. - PubMed
Cummings 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cummings KM, Fix BV, Celestino P, Hyland A, Mahoney M, Ossip DJ, et al. Does the number of free nicotine patches given to smokers calling a quitline influence quit rates: results from a quasi‐experimental study. BMC Public Health 2010;10:181. [] - PMC - PubMed
Cummings 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cummings KM, Hyland A, Carlin‐Menter S, Mahoney MC, Willett J, Juster HR. Costs of giving out free nicotine patches through a telephone quit line. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice 2011;17(3):E16‐23. - PubMed
Curry 2003 {published data only}
    1. Curry SJ, Ludman EJ, Graham E, Stout J, Grothaus L, Lozano P. Pediatric‐based smoking cessation intervention for low‐income women: a randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2003;157(3):295‐302. - PubMed
Danaher 2011 {published data only}
    1. Danaher BG, Severson HH, Zhu S‐H, Lichtenstein E, Andrews JA, Yearick C. Evaluating the relative efficacy of web‐based intervention and helpline in smokeless tobacco cessation: the CHEWFREE II RCT [SM 12C]. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Conference; 2011 February 16‐19, Toronto. 2011:15.
Danaher 2015 {published data only}
    1. Danaher BG, Severson HH, Zhu S‐H, Andrews JA, Cummins SE, Lichtenstein E, Tedeschi GJ, Hudkins C, Widdop C, Crowley R, Seeley JR. Randomized controlled trial of the combined effects of Web and Quitline interventions for smokeless tobacco cessation. Internet Interventions 2015;2(2):143‐151. - PMC - PubMed
Davis 1992 {published data only}
    1. Davis SW, Cummings KM, Rimer BK, Sciandra R. The impact of tailored self‐help smoking cessation guides on young mothers. Health Education Quarterly 1992;19(4):495‐504. - PubMed
De Azevedo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Azevedo RC, Mauro ML, Lima DD, Gaspar KC, Silva VF, Botega NJ. General hospital admission as an opportunity for smoking‐cessation strategies: A clinical trial in Brazil. General Hospital Psychiatry 2010;32(6):599‐606. - PubMed
DeBusk 1994 {published data only}
    1. DeBusk RF, Miller NH, Superko HR, Dennis CA, Thomas RJ, Lew HT, et al. A case‐management system for coronary risk factor modification after acute myocardial infarction. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994;120(9):721‐9. - PubMed
Decker 1989 {published data only}
    1. Decker BD, Evans RG. Efficacy of a minimal contact version of a multimodal smoking cessation program. Addictive Behaviors 1989;14(5):487‐91. - PubMed
Dent 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dent LA, Harris KJ, Noonan CW. Randomized trial assessing the effectiveness of a pharmacist‐delivered program for smoking cessation. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2009;43(2):194‐201. - PubMed
Dubren 1977 {published data only}
    1. Dubren R. Self‐reinforcement by recorded telephone messages to maintain non‐smoking behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1977;45(3):358‐60. - PubMed
Edelman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Edelman D, Coffman CJ, Dolor R, Lindquist JH, Pereira KC, Granger BB, et al. Randomized trial of telephone nurse case co‐management of diabetes and hypertension in community practice. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2014;29(1 Supplement):S193. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Edelman D, Dolor RJ, Coffman CJ, Pereira KC, Granger BB, Lindquist JH, et al. Nurse‐led behavioral management of diabetes and hypertension in community practices: a randomized trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2015;30(5):626‐33. - PMC - PubMed
Fellows 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fellows JL, Mularski R, Waiwaiole L, Funkhouser K, Mitchell J, Arnold K, et al. Health and economic effects from linking bedside and outpatient tobacco cessation services for hospitalized smokers in two large hospitals: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:129. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fellows JL, Mularski RA, Leo MC, Bentz CJ, Waiwaiole LA, Francisco MC, et al. Referring hospitalized smokers to outpatient quit services: a randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016;51(4):609‐19. - PMC - PubMed
Fu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fu SS, Ryn M, Burgess DJ, Nelson D, Clothier B, Thomas JL, et al. Proactive tobacco treatment for low income smokers: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:337. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fu SS, Ryn M, Nelson D, Burgess DJ, Thomas JL, Saul J, et al. Proactive tobacco treatment offering free nicotine replacement therapy and telephone counselling for socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers: a randomised clinical trial. Thorax 2016;71(5):446‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Garvey 2012 {published data only}
    1. Garvey AJ, Kalman D, Hoskinson RA, Kinnunen T, Armour CD, Copp S, et al. Effects of extended‐duration counseling vs. shorter‐duration counseling after 1.5 years of follow‐up (POS4‐49). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 18th Annual Meeting; 2012 March 13‐16, Houston, Texas. 2012:139.
Gianos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gianos E, Schoenthaler A, Mushailov M, Fisher EA, Berger JS. Rationale and design of the Investigation of Motivational Interviewing and Prevention Consults to Achieve Cardiovascular Targets (IMPACT) trial. American Heart Journal 2015;170(3):430‐7.e9. - PubMed
Gies 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gies CE, Buchman D, Robinson J, Smolen D. Effect of an inpatient nurse‐directed smoking cessation program. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2008;30(1):6‐19. - PubMed
Glasgow 2009 {published data only}
    1. Glasgow RE, Estabrooks PA, Marcus AC, Smith TL, Gaglio B, Levinson AH, et al. Evaluating initial reach and robustness of a practical randomized trial of smoking reduction. Health Psychology 2008;27(6):780‐8. - PubMed
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    1. Levinson AH, Glasgow RE, Gaglio B, Smith TL, Cahoon J, Marcus AC. Tailored behavioral support for smoking reduction: development and pilot results of an innovative intervention. Health Education Research 2008;23(2):335‐46. - PubMed
Gong 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gong J, Baker CL, Zou KH, Bruno M, Jumadilova Z, Lawrence D, et al. A pragmatic randomized trial comparing telephone‐based enhanced pharmacy care and usual care to support smoking cessation. Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy 2016;22(12):1417‐25. - PMC - PubMed
Gordon 2010 {published data only}
    1. Gordon JS, Andrews JA, Crews KM, Payne TJ, Severson HH. The 5A's vs 3A's plus proactive quitline referral in private practice dental offices: preliminary results. Tobacco Control 2007;16(4):285‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gordon JS, Andrews JA, Crews KM, Payne TJ, Severson HH, Lichtenstein E. Do faxed quitline referrals add value to dental office‐based tobacco‐use cessation interventions?. Journal of the American Dental Association 2010;141(8):1000‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Gritz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gritz ER, Vidrine DJ, Marks RM, Danysh MH, Arduino RC. A cell phone‐delivered intervention for HIV‐positive smokers: Project Reach Out [POS3‐113]. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 18th Annual Meeting; 2012 March 13‐16, Houston, Tx. 2012:123. []
Haas 2015 {published data only}
    1. Haas JS, Linder JA, Park ER, Gonzalez I, Rigotti NA, Klinger EV, et al. Proactive tobacco cessation outreach to smokers of low socioeconomic status: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2015;175(2):218‐26. - PMC - PubMed
Hackbarth 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hackbarth D, Cohen RA, Preckwinkel L, Younker L, Mckee C, Solinski J, et al. Spirometry screening and an invitation to quit from a state tobacco quit line as motivators for smoking cessation among community dwelling adults. Chest 2006;130(4):145S.
Hammett 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hammett P, Fu SS, Nelson D, Clothier B, Saul JE, Widome R, et al. A proactive smoking cessation intervention for socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers: the role of smoking‐related stigma. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2018;20(3):286‐94. - PMC - PubMed
Han 2010 {published data only}
    1. Han HR, Kim J, Kim KB, Jeong S, Levine D, Li C, et al. Implementation and success of nurse telephone counseling in linguistically isolated Korean American patients with high blood pressure. Patient Education and Counseling 2010;80(1):130‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Harris 2015 {published data only}
    1. Harris M, Reynolds B. A pilot study of home‐based smoking cessation programs for rural, Appalachian, pregnant smokers. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing 2015;44(2):236‐45. - PubMed
Hasuo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hasuo S, Tanaka H, Oshima A. Efficacy of a smoking relapse prevention program by postdischarge telephone contacts: a randomized trial. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi [Japanese Journal of Public Health] 2004;51(6):403‐12. - PubMed
Hawkes 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hawkes AL, Chambers SK, Pakenham KI, Patrao TA, Baade PD, Lynch BM, et al. Effects of a telephone‐delivered multiple health behavior change intervention (CanChange) on health and behavioral outcomes in survivors of colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2013;31(18):2313‐21. - PubMed
Hebert 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hebert Kiandra K. Effects of proactive telephone counseling on cessation rates of smokers with major depression. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2011;71(9‐B):5791.
Hennrikus 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hennrikus DJ, Jeffery RW, Lando HA, Murray DM, Brelje K, Davidann B, et al. The SUCCESS Project: The effect of program format and incentives on participation and cessation in worksite smoking cessation programs. American Journal of Public Health 2002;92(2):274‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Hokanson 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hokanson JM, Anderson RL, Hennrikus DJ, Lando HA, Kendall DM. Integrated tobacco cessation counseling in a diabetes self‐management training program: a randomized trial of diabetes and reduction of tobacco. Diabetes Educator 2006;32(4):562‐70. - PubMed
Holtrop 2005 {published data only}
    1. Holtrop JS, Wadland WC, Vansen S, Weismantel D, Fadel H. Recruiting health plan members receiving pharmacotherapy into smoking cessation counseling. American Journal of Managed Care 2005;11(8):501‐7. - PubMed
Johnson 1999 {published data only}
    1. Johnson JL, Budz B, Mackay M, Miller C. Evaluation of a nurse‐delivered smoking cessation intervention for hospitalized patients with cardiac disease. Heart & Lung 1999;28(1):55‐64. - PubMed
Joseph 2011 {published data only}
    1. Joseph AM, Fu SS, Lindgren B, Rothman AJ, Kodl M, Lando H, et al. Chronic disease management for tobacco dependence: a randomized, controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011; Vol. 171, issue 21:1894‐900. [; 9400123000011861] - PMC - PubMed
Katz 2004 {published data only}
    1. Katz DA, Muehlenbruch DR, Brown RL, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Effectiveness of implementing the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality smoking cessation clinical practice guideline: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2004;96(8):594‐603. - PMC - PubMed
Keten 2013 {published data only}
    1. Keten E, Golbasi Z. The effect of three different smoking cessation intervention for smoker pregnant women. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin 2013;12(5):553‐62.
Killen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Schatzberg AF, Arredondo C, Murphy G, Hayward C, et al. Extended cognitive behavior therapy for cigarette smoking cessation. Addiction 2008;103(8):1381‐90. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kim H, Kim O. The lifestyle modification coaching program for secondary stroke prevention. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing 2013;43(3):331‐40. - PubMed
Kim 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kim SS, Sitthisongkram S, Bernstein K, Fang H, Choi WS, Ziedonis D. A randomized controlled trial of a videoconferencing smoking cessation intervention for Korean American women: preliminary findings. International Journal of Women's Health 2016;8:453‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kim SS, Darwish S, Lee SA, Demarco RF. A pilot study of a smoking cessation intervention for women living with HIV: study protocol. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials 2017;9:11‐20.
Klesges 2015 {published data only}
    1. Klesges RC, Ebbert JO, Talcott GW, Thomas F, Richey PA, Womack C, et al. Efficacy of a tobacco quitline in active duty military and TRICARE beneficiaries: a randomized trial. Military Medicine 2015;180(8):917‐25. - PubMed
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Koffman 1998 {published data only}
    1. Koffman DM, Lee JW, Hopp JW, Emont SL. The impact of including incentives and competition in a workplace smoking cessation program on quit rates. American Journal of Health Promotion 1998;13:105‐11. - PubMed
Lando 1996 {published data only}
    1. Lando HA, Pirie PL, Roski J, McGovern PG, Schmid LA. Promoting abstinence among relapsed chronic smokers: The effect of telephone support. American Journal of Public Health 1996;86(12):1786‐90. - PMC - PubMed
Leed‐Kelly 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bobo JK, McIlvain HE, Lando HA, Walker RD, Leed‐Kelly A. Effect of smoking cessation counseling on recovery from alcoholism: findings from a randomized community intervention trial. Addiction 1998;93(6):877‐87. - PubMed
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Lichtenstein 2002b {published data only}
    1. Lichtenstein E, Lee ME, Boles SM, Foster L, Hampson SE. Using radon risk to motivate smoking reduction: replication and extension (PO3 21). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 8th Annual Meeting; 2002 February 20‐23, Savannah, Georgia. 2002.
Linder 2014 {published data only}
    1. Linder JA, Haas J, Rigotti NA, Park ER, Kontos E, Gonzalez I, et al. Proactive outreach of tobacco cessation treatment to disadvantaged smokers after a primary care visit: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2014;29(1 Supplement):S184.
Lindinger 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lindinger P, Strunk M, Nubling M, Lang P. Protocol and effectiveness of telephone counselling for smoking cessation [Arbeitsweise und Wirksamkeit einer Telefonberatung fur Tabakentwohnung]. Sucht: Zeitschrift Fur Wissenschaft Und Praxis 2012; Vol. 58, issue 1:33‐43. []
Little 2009 {published data only}
    1. Little SJ, Hollis JF, Fellows JL, Snyder JJ, Dickerson JF. Implementing a tobacco assisted referral program in dental practices. Journal of Public Health Dentistry 2009; Vol. 69, issue 3:149‐55. [] - PubMed
Mahabee‐Gittens 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mahabee‐Gittens EM, Gordon J, Krugh M, Henry B, Leonard AC. A smoking cessation intervention plus proactive quitline referral in the pediatric emergency department: A pilot study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(12):1745‐51. - PMC - PubMed
Manfredi 1999 {published data only}
    1. Manfredi C, Crittenden KS, Warnecke R, Engler J, Cho YI, Shaligram C. Evaluation of a motivational smoking cessation intervention for women in public health clinics. Preventive Medicine 1999;28(1):51‐60. - PubMed
Manfredi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Manfredi C, Cho YI, Warnecke R, Saunders S, Sullivan M. Dissemination strategies to improve implementation of the PHS smoking cessation guideline in MCH public health clinics: experimental evaluation results and contextual factors. Health Education Research 2011;26(2):348‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Mayer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mayer C, Vandecasteele H, Bodo M, Primo C, Slachmuylder J‐L, Kaufman L, et al. Smoking relapse prevention programs and factors that predict abstinence: A controlled study comparing the efficacy of workplace group counselling and proactive phone counseling. Journal of Smoking Cessation 2010;5(1):83‐94.
McAfee 2008 {published data only}
    1. McAfee TA, Bush T, Deprey TM, Mahoney LD, Zbikowski SM, Fellows JL, et al. Nicotine patches and uninsured Quitline callers. A randomized trial of two versus eight weeks. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008;35(2):103‐10. - PubMed
McBride 2002 {published data only}
    1. McBride CM, Bepler G, Lipkus IM, Lyna P, Samsa G, Albright J, et al. Incorporating genetic susceptibility feedback into a smoking cessation program for African‐American smokers with low income. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2002;11(6):521‐8. - PubMed
McClure 2018 {published data only}
    1. McClure JB, Blasi PR, Cook A, Bush T, Fishman P, Nelson J, et al. Oral health 4 life: design and methods of a semi‐pragmatic randomized trial to promote oral health care and smoking abstinence among tobacco quitline callers. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2017;57:90‐7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McClure JB, Bush T, Anderson ML, Blasi P, Thompson E, Nelson J, et al. Oral health promotion and smoking cessation program delivered via tobacco quitlines: the Oral Health 4 Life Trial. American Journal of Public Health 2018;108(5):689‐95. - PMC - PubMed
McDaniel 2015 {published data only}
    1. McDaniel AM, Vickerman KA, Stump TE, Monahan PO, Fellows JL, Weaver MT, et al. A randomised controlled trial to prevent smoking relapse among recently quit smokers enrolled in employer and health plan sponsored quitlines. BMJ Open 2015;5(6):e007260. - PMC - PubMed
McGrath 2014 {published data only}
    1. McGrath CA, Zak CL, Baldwin K, Lutfiyya MN. Smoking cessation in primary care: implementation of a proactive telephone intervention. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners 2014;26(5):248‐54. - PubMed
Mermelstein 2003 {published data only}
    1. Mermelstein R, Hedeker D, Wong SC. Extended telephone counseling for smoking cessation: does content matter?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003;71(3):565‐74. - PubMed
Miller 2009 {published data only}
    1. Miller CL, Sedivy V. Using a quitline plus low‐cost nicotine replacement therapy to help disadvantaged smokers to quit. Tobacco Control 2009;18(2):144‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Morris 2011 {published data only}
    1. Morris CD, Waxmonsky JA, May MG, Tinkelman DG, Dickinson M, Giese AA. Smoking reduction for persons with mental illnesses: 6‐month results from community‐based interventions. Community Mental Health Journal. United States, 2011; Vol. 47, issue 6:694‐702. [] - PubMed
Mullen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mullen PD, Savas LS, Bundy LT, Haardorfer R, Hovell M, Fernandez ME, et al. Minimal intervention delivered by 2‐1‐1 information and referral specialists promotes smoke‐free homes among 2‐1‐1 callers: a Texas generalisation trial. Tobacco Control 2016;25(Supplement 1):i10‐i18. - PMC - PubMed
Nair 2017 {published data only}
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Ockene 1992 {published data only}
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Oddone 2017 {published data only}
    1. Oddone EZ, Damschroder LJ, Gierisch J, Olsen M, Fagerlin A, Sanders L, et al. A Coaching by Telephone Intervention for Veterans and Care Team Engagement (ACTIVATE): a study protocol for a hybrid type I effectiveness‐implementation randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2017;55:1‐9. - PubMed
Owen 2000 {published data only}
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Papadakis 2013 {published data only}
    1. Papadakis S, McDonald PW, Pipe AL, Letherdale ST, Reid RD, Brown KS. Effectiveness of telephone‐based follow‐up support delivered in combination with a multi‐component smoking cessation intervention in family practice: a cluster‐randomized trial. Preventive Medicine 2013;56(6):390‐7. - PubMed
Parker 2007 {published data only}
    1. Parker DR, Windsor RA, Roberts MB, Hecht J, Hardy NV, Strolla LO, et al. Feasibility, cost, and cost‐effectiveness of a telephone‐based motivational intervention for underserved pregnant smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(10):1043‐51. - PubMed
Partin 2006 {published data only}
    1. Partin MR, An LC, Nelson DB, Nugent S, Snyder A, Fu SS, et al. Randomized trial of an intervention to facilitate recycling for relapsed smokers. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2006;31(4):293‐9. - PubMed
Patten 2009 {published data only}
    1. Patten CA, Petersen LR, Hughes CA, Ebbert JO, Morgenthaler Bonnema S, Brockman TA, et al. Feasibility of a telephone‐based intervention for support persons to help smokers quit: a pilot study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(4):427‐32. - PMC - PubMed
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Patten 2011 {published data only}
    1. Patten CA, Smith CM, Brockman TA, Decker PA, Hughes CA, Nadeau AM, et al. Support‐person promotion of a smoking quitline: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2011;41(1):117‐23. [3141328] - PubMed
Peng 2011 {published data only}
    1. Peng W‐D. Evaluation of a web‐phone intervention system on preventing smoking relapse. Dissertation Abstracts International 2011; Vol. 72, issue 3‐A:1083. []
Peterson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bricker JB, Liu J, Comstock BA, Peterson AV, Kealey KA, Marek PM. Social cognitive mediators of adolescent smoking cessation: results from a large randomized intervention trial. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2010;24(3):436‐45. - PMC - PubMed
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Platt 1997 {published data only}
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Prue 1983 {published data only}
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Racelis 1998 {published data only}
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Ratner 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bottorff JL, Johnson JL, Moffat B, Fofonoff D, Budz B, Groening M. Synchronizing clinician engagement and client motivation in telephone counseling. Qualitative Health Research 2004;14(4):462‐77. - PubMed
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Reid 1999b {published data only}
    1. Reid RD, Pipe AL. A telephone‐based support program for over‐the‐counter nicotine patch users. Canadian Journal of Public Health 1999;90(6):397‐8. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Lambart L, Casey G, Nazir N, Richter K. Satisfaction with video versus phone couseling in a rural smoking cessation trial. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 18th Annual Meeting; 2012 March 13‐16,Houston, Texas. 2012:105.
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Rigotti 2014 {published data only}
    1. Japuntich SJ, Regan S, Viana J, Tymoszczuk J, Reyen M, Levy DE, et al. Comparative effectiveness of post‐discharge interventions for hospitalized smokers: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:124. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Rigotti NA, Regan S, Levy DE, Japuntich S, Chang Y, Park ER, et al. Sustained care intervention and postdischarge smoking cessation among hospitalized adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;312(7):719‐28. - PMC - PubMed
Rigotti 2016 {published data only}
    1. Rigotti NA, Tindle H, Regan S, Levy D, Chang Y, Carpenter KM, et al. Adapting a post‐discharge intervention for hospitalized smokers to enhance scalability: the helping hand 2 randomized controlled trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2016;31(2 Suppl. 1):S112‐S113.
    1. Rigotti NA, Tindle HA, Regan S, Levy DE, Chang Y, Carpenter KM, et al. A post‐discharge smoking‐cessation intervention for hospital patients: Helping Hand 2 randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016;51(4):597‐608. - PMC - PubMed
Rigotti 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rigotti NA, Chang Y, Rosenfeld LC, Japuntich SJ, Park ER, Tindle HA, et al. Interactive voice response calls to promote smoking cessation after hospital discharge: pooled analysis of two randomized clinical trials. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2017;32(9):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Ringen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ringen K, Anderson N, McAfee T, Zbikowski SM, Fales D. Smoking cessation in a blue‐collar population: results from an evidence‐based pilot program. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 2002;42(5):367‐77. - PubMed
Rodgers 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bramley D, Riddell T, Whittaker R, Corbett T, Lin RB, Wills M, et al. Smoking cessation using mobile phone text messaging is as effective in Maori as non‐Maori. New Zealand Medical Journal 2005;118(1216):U1494. - PubMed
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Rogers 2018 {published data only}
    1. Rogers ES, Fu SS, Krebs P, Noorbaloochi S, Nugent SM, Gravely A, et al. Proactive tobacco treatment for smokers using Veterans Administration mental health clinics. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018;54(5):620‐9. - PubMed
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Roski 2003 {published data only}
    1. Roski J, Jeddeloh R, An L, Lando H, Hannan P, Hall C, et al. The impact of financial incentives and a patient registry on preventive care quality: increasing provider adherence to evidence‐based smoking cessation practice guidelines. Preventive Medicine 2003;36(3):291‐9. - PubMed
Rothemich 2010 {published data only}
    1. Rothemich SF, Woolf SH, Johnson RE, Devers KJ, Flores SK, Villars P, et al. Promoting primary care smoking‐cessation support with quitlines: the QuitLink randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010; Vol. 38, issue 4:367‐74. [] - PubMed
Schiebel 2007 {published data only}
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Schneider 1995 {published data only}
    1. Schneider SJ, Schwartz MD, Fast J. Computerized, telephone‐based health promotion.1: Smoking cessation program. Computers and Human Behavior 1995;11:135‐48.
Segan 2011 {published data only}
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Sharifirad 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sharifirad GR, Eslami AA, Charkazi A, Mostafavi F, Shahnazi H. The effect of individual counseling, line follow‐up, and free nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation in the samples of Iranian smokers: Examination of transtheoretical model. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2012;17(12):1128‐36. - PMC - PubMed
Sherman 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sherman SE, Takahashi N, Kalra P, Gifford E, Finney JW, Canfield J, et al. Care coordination to increase referrals to smoking cessation telephone counseling: a demonstration project. American Journal of Managed Care 2008;14(3):141‐8. - PubMed
Sherman 2016 {published data only}
    1. Grossman E, Shelley D, Braithwaite RS, Lobach I, Goffin A, Rogers E, et al. Effectiveness of smoking‐cessation interventions for urban hospital patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13(13):126. - PMC - PubMed
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Shiffman 2000 {published data only}
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Simon 1997 {published data only}
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Simon 2003 {published data only}
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Sivarajan 2004 {published data only}
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Stevens 1993 {published data only}
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Stoltzfus 2011 {published data only}
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Strong 2012 {published data only}
    1. Strong DR, Taylor AN, Abrantes A, Kahler CW, Miller V, Brown RA, et al. Mood management phone counseling for smokers with recurrent depression (POS3‐22). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 18th Annual Meeting; 2012 March 13‐16, 2012, Houston, Texas 2012:98. []
Sutton 2007 {published data only}
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Szklo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Szklo AS, Coutinho ES. The influence of smokers' degree of dependence on the effectiveness of message framing for capturing smokers for a Quitline. Addictive Behaviors 2010; Vol. 35, issue 6:620‐4. [; 214] - PubMed
Taylor 1990 {published data only}
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Terazawa 2001 {published data only}
    1. Terazawa T, Mamiya T, Masui S, Nakamura M. The effect of smoking cessation counseling at health checkup. Sangyo Eiseigaku Zasshi [Journal of Occupational Health] 2001; Vol. 43, issue 6:207‐13. [] - PubMed
Terry 2011 {published data only}
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Toll 2010 {published data only}
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Tseng 2016 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tseng TY, Krebs P, Schoenthaler A, Wong S, Sherman S, Gonzalez M, et al. Combining text messaging and telephone counseling to increase varenicline adherence and smoking abstinence among cigarette smokers living with HIV: a randomized controlled study. AIDS and Behavior 2016;21(7):1964‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Urso 2003 {published data only}
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Van der Meer 2010 {published data only}
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Vidrine 2006 {published data only}
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Wadland 1999 {published data only}
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Wadland 2001 {published data only}
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Walker 2011a {published data only}
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Walker 2011b {published data only}
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Wang 2017 {published data only}
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Zhu 2000 {published and unpublished data}
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References to ongoing studies

Argyropoulou 2005 {published data only}
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Humfleet 2012 {published data only}
    1. Humfleet G, Hall SM. Using telephone‐based and internet‐based smoking treatments with LGBT smokers: preliminary findings (PA7‐3). Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 18th Annual Meeting; 2012 March 13‐16, Houston Texas 2012:26. []
Mak 2015 {published data only}
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NCT00311948 {published data only}
    1. NCT00311948. Telephone and web‐based teen tobacco cessation in HMOs. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00311948 (First received 6 April 2006).
NCT00851357 {published data only}
    1. NCT00851357. Telephone counseling and the distribution of nicotine patches to smokers. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00851357 (First received 25 February 2009).
NCT01892813 {published data only}
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NCT01893502 {published data only}
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