The prevalence of malnutrition and growth percentiles for urban South African children

Abstract

Background: Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are experiencing a double-burden of malnutrition characterised by high prevalence of both under- and over-nutrition. We set out using data from the mixed-longitudinal Birth-to-Twenty Plus (Bt20+) birth cohort, to evaluate the patterns of malnutrition and growth in a large South African (SA) city by; (i) assessing the prevalence of undernutrition from birth to 5 years of age and overweight and obesity from ages 2 to 21 years in black and white, male and female children, and (ii) determining percentiles for height, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences and comparing the centiles to American and Dutch references.

Methods: Height, weight, waist and hip circumferences were measured on urban black and white SA children from the Bt20+. A total of 3273 children born between April and June 1990 in the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan area were included in the cohort. Z-scores were derived using the WHO 2006 child growth standards (0-5 years), for defining stunting, underweight and wasting. The International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) references were used to define overweight and obesity. Percentiles were developed using the lambda mu sigma (LMS) method and compared to American and Dutch references.

Results: Black children were consistently shorter and black males lighter than white children and American references. The prevalence of stunting peaked at 2 years and was significantly higher in males than females and in black than white children. Black females had a greater prevalence of overweight and obesity than black males from 10 to 17 years. The percentiles for black females for weight and BMI were similar to those of South African white and American references but both black and white South African females had lower waist circumferences than American references.

Conclusion: The growth percentiles show that young South African urban black females are experiencing general but not central obesity due to a secular change which is faster in weight than height. High levels of undernutrition persist alongside high levels of over-nutrition with adolescence being a critical period for the upsurge in obesity in females. Early intervention is needed to combat the rise in obesity.

Keywords: Growth references; Overweight & obesity; South Africa; Stunting; Wasting.

Fig. 1

Prevalence of a stunting b underweight c wasting d overweight and obesity for black boys (red solid), white boys (red dashed), black girls (black solid), and white girls (black lines)

Fig. 2

Comparison of centile lines (3, 50, 97 for height, weight & BMI, 10, 50, 90 for waist circumference, and 2.3rd, 50th & 97.7th for hip circumference) between South African black (blue), white (red) children for a height, b weight, and c BMI compared to CDC references (black-dashed), d waist circumference compared to NHANES III references (black-dashed), and e hip circumference compared to Dutch references (black-dashed)