Immunoglobulin variable region heptamer-nonamer recognition sequence joined to rearranged D-J segment: implications for the immunoglobulin recombinase mechanism

Abstract

We have found a novel immunoglobulin gene rearrangement in a murine hybridoma in which a heavy chain variable region (VH) heptamer-nonamer recognition sequence is joined to the diversity segment (D) through head-to-head fusion. The heptamer-nonamer recognition sequence and its adjacent 5' DNA are derived from the downstream flanking region of a germline VH gene. Sequence analysis indicates that this adjacent DNA is homologous to the downstream flank of VH108B, and it has characteristics of RNA processing that may suggest it was derived from an mRNA intermediate; these unusual features indicate that the segment is a processed gene. Because of head-to-head fusion, the recognition sequence and the flanking sequence are in opposite transcriptional polarity to D. The latter is joined correctly at its 3' border to a joining (J) gene segment. A gamma 1 constant region (but not mu) is located further downstream. Thus this fragment has several features common to normal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement despite the unusual joining event involving V-D. Linkage of the VH heptamer-nonamer recognition sequence to D has not been observed previously. Although the recognition sequence described is inverted with respect to D and J, the endonucleolytic process that cleaved the recognition sequence at the 5' border of the heptamer before rearranging it to D was accurate. We suggest that of the three functions associated with the recombinase reaction; recognition, cutting, and ligation, only recognition and cutting may be limited to specific structures, and the ligation step may be less restricted because it is not confined to forming coding-to-coding or flank-to-flank joints. This aberrant ligation product suggests that the information leading to normal rearrangements may be found in structures that include more than the recognition sequences or coding regions alone, because the joining described here has spliced the incorrect end of a recognition sequence to a coding region to yield a nonproductive recombination.