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. 2019 May 14;5(5):CD012533.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012533.pub2.

Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial support for informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses

Margarita Corry  1 , Kathleen Neenan, Sally Brabyn, Greg Sheaf, Valerie Smith
Affiliations

Telephone interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, for providing education and psychosocial support for informal caregivers of adults with diagnosed illnesses

Margarita Corry et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Maintaining care for ill persons in the community is heavily dependent on support from unpaid caregivers. Many caregivers, however, find themselves in a caring role for which they are ill prepared and may require professional support. The telephone is an easily accessible method of providing support irrespective of geographical location.

Objectives: The objective of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of telephone support interventions, delivered by healthcare professionals, when compared to usual care or non-telephone-based support interventions for providing education and psychosocial support for informal caregivers of people with acute and chronic diagnosed illnesses, and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of telephone interventions in this population.

Search methods: We searched the following databases from inception to 16 November 2018: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE; Embase; PsycINFO; ProQuest Dissertations and Theses A&I; and CINAHL Complete. We also searched 11 caregiver-specific websites, three conference links, and two clinical trial registries.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (including cluster-RCTs) and quasi-RCTs. We excluded cross-over trials because of the high risk of carry-over effects from one intervention to another.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently screened citations against the review's inclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed the included studies using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. The review's prespecified primary (quality of life and burden) and secondary outcomes (skill acquisition, psychological health, knowledge, health status and well-being, family functioning, satisfaction, and economic outcomes), where reported, were assessed at the end of intervention delivery and at short-term (≤ 3 months), medium-term (> 3 to ≤ 6 months) and longer-term time points (> 6 to 12 months) following the intervention. Where possible, meta-analyses were conducted, otherwise results were reported narratively.

Main results: We included 21 randomised studies involving 1,690 caregivers; 19 studies compared telephone support interventions and usual care, of which 18 contributed data to the analyses. Two studies compared telephone and non-telephone professional support interventions. Caregiver ages ranged from 19 years to 87 years across studies. The majority of participants were female (> 70.53%), with two trials including females only. Most caregivers were family members, educated beyond secondary or high school level or had the equivalent in years of education. All caregivers were based in the community. Overall risk of bias was high for most studies.The results demonstrated that there is probably little or no difference between telephone support interventions and usual care for the primary outcome of quality of life at the end of intervention (SMD -0.02, 95% CI -0.24 to 0.19, 4 studies, 364 caregivers) (moderate-certainty evidence) or burden at the end of intervention (SMD -0.11, 95% CI -0.30 to 0.07, 9 studies, 788 caregivers) (low-certainty evidence). For one study where quality of life at the end of intervention was reported narratively, the findings indicated that a telephone support intervention may result in slightly higher quality of life, compared with usual care. Two further studies on caregiver burden were reported narratively; one reported that telephone support interventions may decrease burden, the other reported no change in the intervention group, compared with usual care.We are uncertain about the effects of telephone support interventions on caregiver depression at the end of intervention (SMD -0.37, 95% CI -0.70 to -0.05, 9 studies, 792 caregivers) due to very low-certainty evidence for this outcome. Depression was reported narratively for three studies. One reported that the intervention may reduce caregiver depression at the end of intervention, but this effect was not sustained at short-term follow-up. The other two studies reported there may be little or no difference between telephone support and usual care for depression at the end of intervention. Six studies measured satisfaction with the intervention but did not report comparative data. All six reported high satisfaction scores with the intervention. No adverse events, including suicide or suicide ideation, were measured or reported by any of the included studies.Our analysis indicated that caregiver anxiety may be slightly reduced (MD -6.0, 95% CI -11.68 to -0.32, 1 study, 61 caregivers) and preparedness to care slightly improved (SMD 0.37, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.64, 2 studies, 208 caregivers) at the end of intervention, following telephone-only support interventions compared to usual care. Findings indicated there may be little or no difference between telephone support interventions and usual care for all of the following outcomes at the end of intervention: problem-solving, social activity, caregiver competence, coping, stress, knowledge, physical health, self-efficacy, family functioning, and satisfaction with supports (practical or social). There may also be little or no effect of telephone support interventions for quality of life and burden at short-term follow-up or for burden and depression at medium-term follow-up.Litttle or no difference was found between groups for any of the reported outcomes in studies comparing telephone and non-telephone professional support interventions. We are uncertain as to the effects of telephone support interventions compared to non-telephone support interventions for caregiver burden and depression at the end of intervention. No study reported on quality of life or satisfaction with the intervention and no adverse events were reported or noted in the two studies reporting on this comparison.

Authors' conclusions: Although our review indicated slight benefit may exist for telephone support interventions on some outcomes (e.g. anxiety and preparedness to care at the end of intervention), for most outcomes, including the primary outcomes, telephone-only interventions may have little or no effect on caregiver outcomes compared to usual care. The findings of the review were mainly based on studies with overall high risk of bias, and few participants. Further high-quality trials, with larger sample sizes are required.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Margarita Corry: I have completed a pilot feasibility study of a telephone support intervention for caregivers of people with multiple sclerosis using the RCT design. I was not involved in assessing the study for inclusion, extracting, or analysing data from that study.

  2. Valerie Smith: none known

  3. Kathleen Neenan: none known

  4. Sally Brabyn: none known

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 1 Quality of Life.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 2 Quality of life (Short‐term follow‐up).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 3 Burden.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 4 Burden (Short‐term follow‐up).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 5 Skill acquisition: Problem‐Solving.
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 6 Skill acquisition: Preparedness to Care.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 7 Skill acquisition: Preparedness to Care (medium‐term follow‐up).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 8 Skill acquisition:Competence.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 9 Psychological health: Depression.
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 10 Psychological health: Anxiety.
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 11 Psychological health: Coping.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 12 Psychological health: Stress.
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 13 Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge.
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 14 Health status and well‐being: Physical health.
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 15 Health status and well‐being: Self‐efficacy.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 16 Health status and well‐being: Self‐efficacy (Medium‐term follow‐up).
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 17 Health status and well‐being: Social activity.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 18 Satisfaction: Satisfaction with supports.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Telephone intervention versus Usual care, Outcome 19 Family functioning.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telephone versus non‐telephone support intervention, Outcome 1 Burden.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telephone versus non‐telephone support intervention, Outcome 2 Depression.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telephone versus non‐telephone support intervention, Outcome 3 Stress.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Telephone versus non‐telephone support intervention, Outcome 4 Physical Health.
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  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012533

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    1. Gant JR, Steffen AM, Lauderdale SA. Comparative outcomes of two distance‐based interventions for male caregivers of family members with dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias 2007;22(2):120‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Garand 2002 {published data only}
    1. Garand L, Buckwalter KC, Lubaroff D, Tripp‐Reimer T, Frantz RA, Ansley TNA. A pilot study of immune and mood outcomes of a community‐based intervention for dementia caregivers: the PLST intervention. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 2002;16(4):156‐67. - PMC - PubMed
Gaugler 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gaugler JE, Roth DL, Haley WE, Mittelman MS. Can counselling and support reduce burden and depressive symptoms in caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease during the transition to institutionalization? Results from the New York University caregiver intervention study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(3):421‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Gilliss 1992 {published data only}
    1. Gilliss CL, Belza BL. A framework for understanding family caregivers' recovery work after cardiac surgery. Family & Community Health 1992;15(2):41‐8.
Gitlin 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gitlin LN, Winter L, Corcoran M, Dennis MP, Schinfeld S, Hauck WW. Effects of the home environmental skill‐building program on the caregiver‐care recipient dyad: 6‐month outcomes from the Philadelphia REACH Initiative. Gerontologist 2003;43(4):532‐46. - PubMed
Gitlin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Gitlin LN, Winter L, Dennis MP, Hodgson N, Hauck WW. Targeting and managing behavioral symptoms in individuals with dementia: a randomized trial of a nonpharmacological intervention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(8):1465‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Gitlin 2010a {published data only}
    1. Gitlin LN, Winter L, Dennis MP, Hodgson N, Hauck WWA. Biobehavioral home‐based intervention and the well‐being of patients with dementia and their caregivers: the COPE randomized trial. JAMA 2010;304(9):983‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Gitlin 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gitlin LN, Piersol CV, Hodgson N, Marx K, Roth DL, Johnston D, et al. Reducing neuropsychiatric symptoms in persons with dementia and associated burden in family caregivers using tailored activities: design and methods of a randomized clinical trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2016;49:92‐102. - PMC - PubMed
Gonyea 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gonyea JG, Lopez LM, Velasquez EH. The effectiveness of a culturally sensitive cognitive behavioral group intervention for Latino Alzheimer's caregivers. Gerontologist 2016;56(2):292‐302. - PMC - PubMed
Graham‐Philips 2016 {published data only}
    1. Graham‐Phillips A, Roth DL, Huang J, Dilworth‐Anderson P, Gitlin LN. Racial and ethnic differences in the delivery of the resources for enhancing Alzheimer's caregiver health II intervention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2016;64.(8):1662‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Grant 1999 {published data only}
    1. Grant JS. Social problem‐solving partnerships with family caregivers. Rehabilitation Nursing 1999;24(6):254‐60. - PubMed
Grant 2002 {published data only}
    1. Grant JS, Elliott TR, Weaver M, Bartolucci AA, Giger JN. Telephone intervention with family caregivers of stroke survivors after rehabilitation. Stroke 2002;33(8):2060‐5. - PubMed
Greaves 2016 {published data only}
    1. Greaves CJ, Wingham J, Deighan C, Doherty P, Elliott J, Armitage W. Optimising self‐care support for people with heart failure and their caregivers: development of the Rehabilitation Enablement in Chronic Heart Failure (REACH‐HF) intervention using intervention mapping. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2016;2:37. - PMC - PubMed
Hasan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hasan AA, Callaghan P, Lymn JS. Evaluation of the impact of a psycho‐educational intervention for people diagnosed with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers in Jordan: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:72. - PMC - PubMed
Hicken 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hicken BL, Daniel C, Luptak M, Grant M, Kilian S, Rupper RW. Supporting caregivers of rural veterans electronically (SCORE). Journal of Rural Health 2017;33(3):305‐13. - PubMed
Hirsch 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hirsch O, Leyh J, Karch C, Ferlings R, Schafer D. Impact of a training program for caregivers of neurological patients on depression, prostration, and subjective burden. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 2014;46(2):97‐105. - PubMed
Hori 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hori M, Kubota M, Ando K, Kihara T, Takahashi R, Kinoshita A. The effect of videophone communication (with skype and webcam) for elderly patients with dementia and their caregivers. Cancer & Chemotherapy 2009;36(Suppl 1):36‐8. - PubMed
Huang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Huang H‐L, Kuo L‐M, Chen Y‐S, Liang J, Huang H‐L, Chiu Y‐C, et al. A home‐based training program improves caregivers' skills and dementia patients' aggressive behaviors: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2013;21(11):1060‐70. - PubMed
Hudson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hudson P, Trauer T, Kelly B, O'Connor M, Thomas K, Zordan R, et al. Reducing the psychological distress of family caregivers of home based palliative care patients: longer term effects from a randomised controlled trial. Psycho‐Oncology 2015;24(1):19‐24. - PMC - PubMed
Johnson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Johnson AM, Jones SB, Duncan PW, Bushnell CD, Coleman SW, Mettam LH, et al. Hospital recruitment for a pragmatic cluster‐randomized clinical trial: lessons learned from the COMPASS study. Trials 2018;19(1):74. - PMC - PubMed
Kozachik 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kozachik SL, Given CW, Given BA, Pierce SJ, Azzouz F, Rawl SM, et al. Improving depressive symptoms among caregivers of patients with cancer: results of a randomized clinical trial. Oncology Nursing Forum 2001;28(7):1149‐57. - PubMed
Kuo 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kuo L‐M, Huang H‐L, Liang J, Kwok Y‐T, Hsu W‐C, Su P‐L, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a home‐based training programme to decrease depression in family caregivers of persons with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2017;73(3):585‐98. - PubMed
Kwok 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kwok T, Lam L, Chung J. Case management to improve quality of life of older people with early dementia and to reduce caregiver burden. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2012;18 Suppl 6:4‐6. - PubMed
Lindauer 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lindauer A, Seelye A, Lyons B, Mincks K, Mattek N, Gregor M, et al. Alzheimer's care via telemedicine for Oregon (ACT‐ON): phase i ‐ establishing the feasibility and reliability of standard measures used with telemedicine. Alzheimer's and Dementia 2016;12(7 (Suppl)):149‐150.
Linton 2018 {published data only}
    1. Linton KF, Kim BJ. A pilot study of Trabajadora de Salud, a lay health worker intervention for Latinas/os with traumatic brain injuries and their caregivers. Disability and Health Journal 2018;11(1):161‐4. - PubMed
Livingston 2013 {published data only}
    1. Heckel L, Fennell KM, Orellana L, Boltong A, Byrnes M, Livingston PM. A telephone outcall program to support caregivers of people diagnosed with cancer: utility, changes in levels of distress, and unmet needs. Supportive Care in Cancer 2018;15(1):1. - PubMed
    1. Heckel L, Fennell KM, Reynolds J, Boltong A, Botti M, Osborne RH, et al. Efficacy of a telephone outcall program to reduce caregiver burden among caregivers of cancer patients [PROTECT]: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Cancer 2018;18(1):59. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Livingston P, Osborne R, Botti M, Chirgwin J, Mihalopoulos C, Mcguigan S, et al. Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of a telephone outcall program to reduce caregiver burden and depression among carers of cancer patients [PROTECT]. Rationale and design of a multi‐centre randomised controlled trial. Cancer care coming of age. Clinical Oncology Society of Australia's 40th Annual Scientific Meeting 2013. Australia: John Wiley & Sons, 2013:159.
    1. Livingston PM, Osborne RH, Botti M, Mihalopoulos C, McGuigan S, Heckel L, et al. Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of an outcall program to reduce carer burden and depression among carers of cancer patients [PROTECT]: rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research 2014;14(1):5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Livingston T, Osborne R, Botti M, Chirgwin J, Mihalopoulos C, McGuigan S, et al. Efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of a telephone outcall program to reduce carer burden and depression among carers of cancer patients [PROTECT]. Rationale and design of a multi‐state, multi‐centre randomised controlled trial. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 2013;9(Meeting Abstracts):159.
Martín‐Carrasco 2009 {published data only}
    1. Martín‐Carrasco M, Martín MF, Valero CP, Millán PR, García CI, Montalbán SR, et al. Effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention program in the reduction of caregiver burden in Alzheimer's disease patients' caregivers. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009;24(5):489‐99. - PubMed
    1. NCT00119561. Testing the effectiveness of telephone support for dementia caregivers. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00119561 (first received 13 July 2005). [NCT00119561]
Mazanec 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mazanec SR, Miano S, Baer L, Campagnaro EL, Sattar A, Daly BJ. A family‐centered intervention for the transition to living with multiple myeloma as a chronic illness: a pilot study. Applied Nursing Research 2017;35:86‐9. - PubMed
McCann 2015 {published data only}
    1. McCann TV, Songprakun W, Stephenson J. Effectiveness of guided self‐help in decreasing expressed emotion in family caregivers of people diagnosed with depression in Thailand: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2015;15:258. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-015-0654-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McCann 2015a {published data only}
    1. McCann TV, Songprakun W, Stephenson J. A randomized controlled trial of guided self‐help for improving the experience of caring for carers of clients with depression. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2015;7(17):1600‐10. - PubMed
McLennon 2016 {published data only}
    1. McLennon SM, Hancock RD, Redelman K, Scarton LJ, Riley E, Sweeney B, et al. Comparing treatment fidelity between study arms of a randomized controlled clinical trial for stroke family caregivers. Clinical Rehabilitation 2016;30(5):495‐507. - PMC - PubMed
Mendyk 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mendyk AM, Duhamel A, Bejot Y, Leys D, Derex L, Dereeper O, et al. Controlled Education Of Patients after Stroke (CEOPS) ‐ nurse‐led multimodal and long‐term interventional program involving a patient’s caregiver to optimize secondary prevention of stroke: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):137. - PMC - PubMed
Morgan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Morgan RO, Bass DM, Judge KS, Liu CF, Wilson N, Snow AL, et al. A break‐even analysis for dementia care collaboration: partners in dementia care. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2015;30(6):804‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Mosher 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mosher CE, Secinti E, Johns SA, O’Neil BH, Helft PR, Shahda S, et al. Examining the effect of peer helping in a coping skills intervention: a randomized controlled trial for advanced gastrointestinal cancer patients and their family caregivers. Quality of Life Research 2018;27(2):515‐28. - PMC - PubMed
NCT00052104 {published data only}
    1. NCT00052104. Telephone‐based support for caregivers of patients With dementia. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00052104 (first received 23 January 2003). [NCT00052104]
    1. Tremont G, Davisa JD, Papandonatosc GD, Ottd BR, Fortinsky RH, Gozalog P, et al. Psychosocial telephone intervention for dementia caregivers: a randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 2014;11(5):5411‐8. - PMC - PubMed
NCT00067171 {published data only}
    1. NCT00067171. Telephone enhancement procedure for continuing care. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00067171 (first received 13 August 2005). [NCT00067171]
NCT00131092 {published data only}
    1. NCT00131092. The CHAT (Community Health Advice by Telephone) study. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00131092 (first received 17 August 2005). [NCT00131092]
NCT00247000 {published data only}
    1. NCT00247000. A strategy of home telehealth for management of congestive heart failure(STARTEL). ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00247000 (first received 1 November 2005). [NCT00247000]
NCT00271739 {published data only}
    1. NCT00271739. Randomized trial of telemedicine for diabetes care (IDEATel). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier/show/NCT00271739 (first received 4 January 2006). [NCT00271739]
NCT00288132 {published data only}
    1. NCT00288132. The diabetes TeleCare study. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00288132 (first received 7 February 2006). [NCT00288132]
NCT00483522 {published data only}
    1. NCT00483522. Department of Education telephone intervention after traumatic brain injury. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00483522 (first received 7 June 2007). [NCT00483522]
NCT00693563 {published data only}
    1. NCT00693563. Scheduled telephone intervention for individuals with spinal cord injury and their families. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00693563 (first received 9 June 2008). [NCT00693563]
NCT00721383 {published data only}
    1. NCT00721383. Telephone resources and assistance for caregivers (TRAC). ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00721383 (first received 24 July 2008). [NCT00721383]
NCT00822510 {published data only}
    1. NCT00822510. Telephone counseling: men with prostate cancer & partners. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00822510 (first received 14 January 2009). [NCT00822510]
NCT00829361 {published data only}
    1. NCT00829361. Stroke telemedicine for Arizona rural residents trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00829361 (first received 27 January 2009). [NCT00829361]
NCT01993550 {published data only}
    1. Mosher CE, Winger JG, Hanna N, Jalal SI, Einhorn LH, Birdas TJ, et al. Randomized pilot trial of a telephone symptom management intervention for symptomatic lung cancer patients and their family caregivers. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2016;52(4):469‐82. - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01993550. Telephone support program for lung cancer patients and their family caregivers. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01993550 (first received 11 November 2013). [NCT01993550]
NCT02036294 {published data only}
    1. NCT02036294. Improving patient‐centered care delivery among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCTt02036294 (first received 15 January 2014).
NCT02094846 {published data only}
    1. NCT02094846. Evaluation of an intervention based on cell phones. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02094846 (first received 24 February 2013). [NCT02094846]
NCT02347202 {published data only}
    1. NCT02347202. Tools for distance delivery of an evidence‐based AD family caregiver intervention. Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02347202 (first received 27 January 2015).
NCT02364505 {published data only}
    1. NCT02364505. A telemedicine mindfulness‐based intervention for people with multiple sclerosis and their caregivers. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02364505 (first received 18 February 2015). [NCT02364505]
NCT02475954 {published data only}
    1. NCT02475954. Telehealth cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in Parkinson's Disease (PD) (TH‐CBT). ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02475954 (first received 19 June 2015). [NCT02475954]
NCT02483494 {published data only}
    1. NCT02483494. Effectiveness of advanced practice nurse‐led telehealth on readmissions. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02483494 (first received 29 June 2015). [NCT02483494]
NCT02703532 {published data only}
    1. NCT02703532. Evaluation of a care partner‐integrated telehealth rehabilitation program for persons with stroke. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02703532 (first received 9 March 2016). [NCT02703532]
NCT03127930 {published data only}
    1. NCT03127930. Improving caregiver mediated medication management ‐ the 3M study. Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCTt03127930: (first received 25 April 2017).
NCT03142841 {published data only}
    1. NCT03142841. Spanish intervention for caregivers of veterans with stroke (RESCUE Espanol). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier/show/NCT03142841 (first received 5 May 2017). [NCT03142841]
NCT03164239 {published data only}
    1. NCT03164239. Aktiv i Sør: a randomized controlled trial. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT03164239 (first received 23 May 2017). [NCT03164239]
NCT03177447 {published data only}
    1. Bakitas M, Dionne‐Odom JN, Pamboukian SV, Tallaj J, Kvale E, Swetz KM, et al. Engaging patients and families to create a feasible clinical trial integrating palliative and heart failure care: results of the ENABLE CHF‐PC pilot clinical trial. BMC Palliative Care 2017;16(1):45. [DOI: 10.1186/s12904-017-0226-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03177447. ENABLE: CHF‐PC (Comprehensive Heartcare For Patients and Caregivers). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03177447 (first received 6th June 2017).
NCT03378050 {published data only}
    1. NCT03378050. A trial of a multi‐component individualized telephone‐based support intervention for adult‐child caregivers caring for parents with dementia. ClinicalTrials.gov IdentifierNCT03378050 (first received 19 December 2017).
NCT03506945 {published data only}
    1. NCT03506945. Mobile web‐based behavioral intervention for improving caregiver well‐being. Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03506945 (first received 24 April 2018).
NCT03635151 {published data only}
    1. NCT03635151. Caregiver self‐management needs through skill‐building. Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03635151 (first received 17 August 2018).
Nichols 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nichols LO, Martindale‐Adams J, Burns R, Graney MJ, Zuber J. Translation of a dementia caregiver support program in a health care system ‐ REACH VA. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(4):353‐9. - PubMed
Nobili 2004 {published data only}
    1. Nobili A, Riva E, Tettamanti M, Lucca U, Liscio M, Petrucci B, et al. The effect of a structured intervention on caregivers of patients with dementia and problem behaviors: a randomized controlled pilot study. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders 2004;18(2):75‐82. - PubMed
Penner 2016 {published data only}
    1. Penner JL, Sabiston CM, Ducharme F, Cohen SR. Home‐based physical activity for family caregivers of people with advanced cancer: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2016;52(6):e89‐e90.
Piamjariyakul 2012 {published data only}
    1. Piamjariyakul U, Smith CE, Russell C. Translation and evaluation of evidence‐based telephone coaching program to improve heart failure (HF) self‐management. Clinical and Translational Science 2012;5(2):173.
Piamjariyakul 2013 {published data only}
    1. Piamjariyakul U, Smith CE, Russell C, Werkowitch M, Elyachar A. The feasibility of a telephone coaching program on heart failure home management for family caregivers. Heart & Lung 2013;42(1):32‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Piette 2015 {published data only}
    1. Piette JD, Striplin D, Marinec N, Chen J, Aikens JEA. Randomized trial of mobile health support for heart failure patients and their informal caregivers. Medical Care 2015;53(8):692‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Pirrraglia 2005 {published data only}
    1. Pirraglia PA, Bishop D, Herman DS, Trisvan E, Lopez RA, Torgersen CS, et al. Caregiver burden and depression among informal caregivers of HIV‐infected individuals. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2005;1(20):510‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Porter 2011 {published data only}
    1. Porter LS, Keefe FJ, Garst J, Baucom DH, McBride CM, McKee DC, et al. Caregiver‐assisted coping skills training for lung cancer: results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2011;41(1):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Prick 2015 {published data only}
    1. Prick A‐E, Lange J, Twisk J, Pot AM. The effects of a multi‐component dyadic intervention on the psychological distress of family caregivers providing care to people with dementia: a randomized controlled trial. International Psychogeriatrics 2015;27(12):2031‐44. - PubMed
Radziewicz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Radziewicz RM, Rose JH, Bowman KF, Berila RA, O'Toole EE, Given B. Establishing treatment fidelity in a coping and communication support telephone intervention for aging patients with advanced cancer and their family caregivers. Cancer Nursing 2009;32(3):193‐202. - PubMed
Reeves 2018 {published data only}
    1. Reeves M. A randomized trial of a social worker led home‐based case management to improve outcomes for caregivers of acute stroke patients during the transition period. Stroke 2018;3(1 (Supplement 1)):125.
    1. Reeves MJ, Hughes AK, Woodward AT, Freddolino PP, Coursaris CK, Swierenga SJ, et al. Improving transitions in acute stroke patients discharged to home: the Michigan stroke transitions trial (MISTT) protocol. BMC Neurology 2017;17(1):115. - PMC - PubMed
Richardson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Richardson A, Plant H, Moore S, Medina J, Cornwall A, Ream E. Developing supportive care for family members of people with lung cancer: a feasibility study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2007;15(11):1259‐69. - PubMed
Rivera 2008 {published data only}
    1. Rivera PA, Elliott TR, Berry JW, Grant JS. Problem‐solving training for family caregivers of persons with traumatic brain injuries: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2008;89(5):931‐41. - PMC - PubMed
Samus 2014 {published data only}
    1. Samus QM, Johnston D, Black BS, Hess E, Lyman, C, Vavilikolanu A, et al. A multidimensional home‐based care coordination intervention for elders with memory disorders: the maximizing independence at home (MIND) pilot randomized trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2014;22(4):398‐414. - PMC - PubMed
Schinköthe 2014 {published data only}
    1. Schinköthe D, Wilz G. The assessment of treatment integrity in a cognitive behavioral telephone intervention study with dementia caregivers. Clinical Gerontologist 2014;37(3):211‐34.
Schure 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schure LM, Heuvel ETP, Stewart RE, Sanderman R, Witte LP, Meyboom‐de Jong B. Beyond stroke: description and evaluation of an effective intervention to support family caregivers of stroke patients. Patient Education and Counseling 2006;62(1):46‐55. - PubMed
Schwarz 2008 {published data only}
    1. Schwarz KA, Mion LC, Hudock D, Litman G. Telemonitoring of heart failure patients and their caregivers: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 2008;23(1):18‐26. - PubMed
Shanley 2008 {published data only}
    1. Shanley C. Supporting family carers through telephone‐mediated group programs: opportunities for gerontological social workers. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 2008;51(3/4):199‐209. - PubMed
Sherrod 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sherrod AM, Wells NL, Dietrich MS, Murphy BA. Examining caregiver perceptions and distress related to patient pain. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2013;31(15 Suppl 1):e20555.
Sherwood 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sherwood PR, Given BA, Given CW, Sikorskii A, You M, Prince J. The impact of a problem‐solving intervention on increasing caregiver assistance and improving caregiver health. Supportive Care in Cancer 2012;20(9):1937‐47. - PubMed
Silveira 2016 {published data only}
    1. Silveira M. Cancer care partners: can family caregivers help cancer patients to manage their symptoms?. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2016;51(2):330‐1.
Sneed 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sneed NV, Finch NJ, Michel Y. The effect of psychosocial nursing intervention on the mood state of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators and their caregivers. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 1997;12(2):4‐14. - PubMed
Stewart 2001 {published data only}
    1. Stewart MJ, Hart G, Mann K, Jackson S, Langille L, Reidy M. Telephone support group intervention for persons with hemophilia and HIV/AIDS and family caregivers. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2001;38(2):209‐25. - PubMed
Teel 2005 {published data only}
    1. Teel CS, Leenerts MH. Developing and testing a self‐care intervention for older adults in caregiving roles. Nursing Research 2005;54(3):193‐201. - PubMed
Tompkins 2009 {published data only}
    1. Tompkins SA, Bell PA. Examination of a psychoeducational intervention and a respite grant in relieving psychosocial stressors associated with being an Alzheimer's caregiver. Journal of Gerontological Social Work 2009;52(2):89‐104. - PubMed
Tremont 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tremont G, Davis J, Bryant K, Ott BR, Papandonatos G, Fortinsky R, et al. Effect of a telephone‐based dementia caregiver intervention on use of community support services and health care resources. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2014;10:226‐7.
    1. Tremont G, Davis J, Grover C, Bryant K, Ott B, Papandonatos G, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a telephone‐delivered intervention (FITT‐Caregiver) for dementia caregivers. Alzheimer's and Dementia 2013;9(4 Suppl 1):324‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Tremont 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tremont G, Davis JD, Papandonatos GD, Ott BR, Fortinsky RH, Gozalo P, et al. Psychosocial telephone intervention for dementia caregivers: a randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2015;11(5):541‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Tremont 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT00735800. Telephone support for dementia caregivers. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier/show/NCT00735800 (first received 15 August 2008). [00735800]
    1. Tremont G, Davis J, Papandonatos GD, Grover C, Ott BR, Fortinsky RH, et al. A telephone intervention for dementia caregivers: background, design, and baseline characteristics. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2013;36(2):338‐47. - PMC - PubMed
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Tsai 2005 {published data only}
    1. Tsai C‐Y, Li IC, Hou S‐Y. A project to raise the participation rate in education groups by psychiatric patient family members. Journal of Nursing 2005;52(6):30‐9. - PubMed
Uphold 2014 {published data only}
    1. Uphold CR. Utilizing the RESCUE stroke caregiver website to enhance discharge planning. VA Health Services Research & Development 2014.
Uphold 2015 {published data only}
    1. Uphold CR, Dang S, Jordan M, Freytes IM, Rutter T, Ruiz D, et al. Pilot test for a low‐cost, telephone and online intervention for caregivers of veterans post‐stroke. VA Health Services Research & Development Annual Conference; 2015; Philadelphia, PA. 2015.
Valeberg 2013 {published data only}
    1. Valeberg BT, Kolstad E, Smastuen MC, Miaskowski C, Rustoen T. The PRO‐SELF pain control program improves family caregivers' knowledge of cancer pain management. Cancer Nursing 2013;36(6):429‐35. - PubMed
Van Knippenberg 2016 {published data only}
    1. Knippenberg RJM, Vugt ME, Ponds RW, Myin‐Germeys I, Verhey FRJ. Dealing with daily challenges in dementia (DEAL‐ID study): effectiveness of the experience sampling method intervention 'Partner in Sight' for spousal caregivers of people with dementia: design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2016;16:136. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0834-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Van Mierlo 2012a {published data only}
    1. Mierlo LD, Meiland FJM, Droes R‐M. Dementia coach: effect of telephone coaching on carers of community‐dwelling people with dementia. International Psychogeriatrics 2012;24(2):212‐22. - PubMed
Wilder ongoing {published data only}
    1. Wilder VS, Roudebush RL. Telephone assessment and skill‐building intervention for informal caregivers. www.hsrd.research.va.gov/research/abstracts.cfm?Project_ID=2141702708 (accessed 18 November 2018).
Williams 2010 {published data only}
    1. Williams VP, Bishop‐Fitzpatrick L, Lane JD, Gwyther LP, Ballard EL, Vendittelli AP, et al. Video‐based coping skills to reduce health risk and improve psychological and physical well‐being in Alzheimer's disease family caregivers. Psychosomatic Medicine 2010;72(9):897‐904. - PMC - PubMed
Yamada 2011 {published data only}
    1. Yamada H, Aoki K, Nishida M, Takechi H. The effects of psychosocial intervention to family caregivers of patients with memory impairment: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer's and Dementia 2011;7(4 Suppl 1):S436.
Yan 2016 {published data only}
    1. Yan LL, Chen S, Zhou BO, Zhang J, Xie B, Luo R, et al. A randomized controlled trial on rehabilitation through caregiver‐delivered nurse‐organized service programs for disabled stroke patients in rural china (the RECOVER trial): design and rationale. International Journal of Stroke 2016;11(7):823‐30. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Au 2014 {published data only}
    1. Au A, Wong MK, Leung LM, Leung P, Wong A. Telephone‐assisted pleasant‐event scheduling to enhance well‐being of caregivers of people with dementia: a randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2014;20(3 Suppl 3):30‐3. - PubMed
Bass 2017a {published data only}
    1. Bass DM, Benjamin Rose Institute. Care consultation telephone‐based empowerment intervention. www.rosalynncarter.org/care_consultation_telephone‐based_empowerment_int... (accessed 10 December 2018).
Chodosh 2015a {published data only}
    1. Chodosh J, Connor K, Vassar S, Pearson M, Lee M, Mittman B, et al. Implementing dementia care management in a medicare managed care plan: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2015;63:S1.
Chwalisz 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chwalisz K, Dollinger CS. Southern Illinois rural caregiver telehealth project. www.rosalynncarter.org/caregiver_intervention_database/rural_caregiving/... (accessed 10 December 2018).
Gitlin 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gitlin LN, Arthur P, Piersol C, Hessels V, Wu SS, Dai Y, et al. Targeting behavioral symptoms and functional decline in dementia: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2018;66(2):339‐45. - PubMed
Mavandadi {published data only}
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NCT00031265 {published and unpublished data}
    1. NCT00031265. Efficacy of a family telephone intervention for stroke. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00031265 (first received 1 March 2002). [NCT00031265]
NCT00183781 {published data only}
    1. NCT00183781. Effectiveness of a telephone intervention program in improving depression, coping, and family functioning in HIV‐infected individuals and caregivers. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier/show/NCT00183781 (first received 16 September 2005). [NCT00183781]
NCT00416078 {published data only}
    1. NCT00416078. Online caregiver psychoeducation and support for Alzheimer's. Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00416078 (first received 27 December 2006). [NCT00416078]
NCT00869739 {published data only}
    1. NCT00869739. Helping African American prostate cancer survivors and their partners cope with challenges after surgery for prostate cancer. Clinical trails.gov/show/NCT00869739 (first received 26 March 2009).
NCT02152033 {published data only}
    1. NCT02152033. Home‐based continuing care for young adults leaving residential substance abuse treatment. Clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02152033 (first received 2 June 2014). [NCT02152033]
NCT02215187 {published data only}
    1. NCT02215187. Telehealth‐education‐based program for military caregivers of injured service members with head injuries. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02215187 (first received 13 August 2014). [NCT02215187;]
NCT02505425 {published data only}
    1. NCT02505425. ENABLE CHF‐PC (Comprehensive heartcare for patients and caregivers). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02505425 (first received 22 July 2015).
    1. Wells R, Stockdill ML, Dionne‐Odom JN, Ejem D, Burgio KL, Durant RW, et al. Educate, nurture, advise, before life ends comprehensive heartcare for patients and caregivers (ENABLE CHF‐PC): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):422. - PMC - PubMed
NCT03260608 {published data only}
    1. NCT03260608. Effectiveness of a psychoeducation and support protocol by phone in the aid of caregivers of patients with dementia. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03260608 (first received 24 August 2017).

References to ongoing studies

Gitlin 2013 {published data only}
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    1. NCT01357564. Tailored Activity Program ‐ VA [Telehealth education program for caregivers of veterans with dementia]. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01357564 (first received 20 May 2011).
Gopinah 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. ACTRN12616001461482. Caring for the carer’: implementing a comprehensive support service model for family caregivers looking after persons with age‐related macular degeneration [.]. www.australianclinicaltrials.gov.au/anzctr/trial/ACTRN12616001461482 (first received 19 October 2016).
    1. Gopinath B, Craig A, Kifley A, Liew G, Bloffwitch J, Vu K, et al. Implementing a multi‐modal support service model for the family caregivers of persons with age‐related macular degeneration: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017;7(8):e018204. - PMC - PubMed
Heckel 2015 {published data only}
    1. Heckel L, Fennell KM, Botti M, Reynolds J, Chirgwin J, Ashley DM, et al. Acceptability and utility of a telephone outcall program for carers of persons diagnosed with cancer. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology 2015;11:156.
Mavandadi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mavandadi S, Wright EM, Graydon MM, Oslin DW, Wray LO. A randomised pilot trial of a telephone‐based collaborative care management program for caregivers of individuals with dementia. Psychological Services 2017;14(1):102. - PubMed
Nasiriani 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nasiriani K, Motevasselian M, Farnia F, Shiryazdi SM, Khodayarian M. The effect of telephone counseling and education on breast cancer screening in family caregivers of breast cancer patients. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery 2017;5(4):306. - PMC - PubMed
NCT00646074 {published data only}
    1. NCT00646074. Self ‐ care TALK study ‐ promoting Alzheimer's disease (AD) spousal caregiver health. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00646074 (first received 28 March 2008). [NCT00646074]
NCT02505737 {published data only}
    1. NCT02505737. Telephone ‐ based counseling for depression in Parkinson's Disease (TH‐CBT). Clinical trials.gov/show/NCT02505737 (first received 22 July 2015).
NCT02806583 {published data only}
    1. Berwig M, Dichter MN, Albers B, Wermke K, Trutschel D, Seismann‐Petersen S, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of a telephone‐based social support intervention for informal caregivers of people with dementia: study protocol of the TALKING TIME project. BMC Health Services Research 2017;17:280. [DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2231-2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02806583. Diseases talking time: telephone support groups for Informal caregivers of people with dementia. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02806583 (first received 20 June 2016). [NCT02806583;]
Soellner 2015 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00006355. Telephone‐based psychotherapy for family‐caregivers of people with dementia ‐ practice transfer of a telephone based psychotherapy by supporting family caregivers. www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do;jsessionid=490506598A315F31B945C663084F... (first received 29 October 2014).
    1. Soellner R, Reder M, Machmer A, Holle R, Wilz G. The Tele.TAnDem intervention: study protocol for a psychotherapeutic intervention for family caregivers of people with dementia. BMC Nursing 2015; Vol. 14, issue 11. [DOI: 10.1186/s12912-015-0059-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wilz 2018 {published data only}
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    1. Wilz G, Weise L, Reiter C, Reder M, Machmer A, Soellner R. Intervention helps family caregivers of people with dementia attain own therapy goals. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias 2018;33:301‐8. - PMC - PubMed

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