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. 2019 May 14;19(1):420.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3997-0.

Epidemiology of urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance in a pediatric hospital in Nepal

Rabina Ganesh  1   2 , Dhiraj Shrestha  3   4 , Balkrishna Bhattachan  1 , Ganesh Rai  2
Affiliations

Epidemiology of urinary tract infection and antimicrobial resistance in a pediatric hospital in Nepal

Rabina Ganesh et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infection is an infection affecting infants and children. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of urinary tract infection along with their antimicrobial resistance.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2015 to January 2016 at Siddhi Memorial Hospital, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Urine samples were first cultured on cystine lactose electrolyte deficient agar and blood agar by semi-quantitative technique, and then incubated aerobically for 18-24 h at 37 °C. The identified bacterial isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique.

Results: Of 1599 urine samples, 12.3% samples showed significant bacterial growth. E. coli (58.7%) was the most common pathogen, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.5%). Most of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, while least were resistant to amikacin and nitrofurantoin. Higher multi-drug resistance (61.9%) was observed among isolates.

Conclusions: E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were predominant cause of pediatric urinary tract infection in children. Higher susceptibility observed against aminoglycosides and nitrofurans make these drugs suitable in emergency.

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; E. coli; Klebsiella spp.; Nepal; Urinary tract infection.

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Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Institutional Review Committee of Shi-Gan International College of Science and Technology (SICOST), Kathmandu, approved this research. Written consent is not feasible for all subjects in Nepalese context since illiteracy is comparatively higher. Thus verbal consent was obtained from parents/guardians on the behalf of their children, as approved by ethical review committee, to omit the selection bias.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Identified bacterial isolates in UTI patients (%). Legends (as represented by different colors in pie diagram): Each color represent the fraction of the total isolated bacteria in percentage namely, Ec = E. coli, Kp = K. pneumoniae, Ko = K. oxytoca, Pm = P. mirabilis, Pv = P. vulgaris, Cf = C. freundii, Ps = Pseudomonas spp., Sa = S. aureus, En = Enterococcus spp.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Antibiotic resistivity of K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca. Legends (as represented by two colors): Red color represents the resistivity percentage of K. oxytoca against the antibiotics. Blue color represents the resistivity percentage of K. pneumoniae against the antibiotics
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Antibiotic resistivity of E. coli. Legends (as represented by red color): Red color represents the resistivity percentage of E. coli against the antibiotics
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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