Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019 Oct;47(7):1245-1269.
doi: 10.3758/s13421-019-00931-7.

Statistical models of morphology predict eye-tracking measures during visual word recognition

Minna Lehtonen  1   2   3 , Matti Varjokallio  4 , Henna Kivikari  5   6 , Annika Hultén  6 , Sami Virpioja  4 , Tero Hakala  6 , Mikko Kurimo  4 , Krista Lagus  7 , Riitta Salmelin  6
Affiliations

Statistical models of morphology predict eye-tracking measures during visual word recognition

Minna Lehtonen et al. Mem Cognit. 2019 Oct.

Abstract

We studied how statistical models of morphology that are built on different kinds of representational units, i.e., models emphasizing either holistic units or decomposition, perform in predicting human word recognition. More specifically, we studied the predictive power of such models at early vs. late stages of word recognition by using eye-tracking during two tasks. The tasks included a standard lexical decision task and a word recognition task that assumedly places less emphasis on postlexical reanalysis and decision processes. The lexical decision results showed good performance of Morfessor models based on the Minimum Description Length optimization principle. Models which segment words at some morpheme boundaries and keep other boundaries unsegmented performed well both at early and late stages of word recognition, supporting dual- or multiple-route cognitive models of morphological processing. Statistical models based on full forms fared better in late than early measures. The results of the second, multi-word recognition task showed that early and late stages of processing often involve accessing morphological constituents, with the exception of short complex words. Late stages of word recognition additionally involve predicting upcoming morphemes on the basis of previous ones in multimorphemic words. The statistical models based fully on whole words did not fare well in this task. Thus, we assume that the good performance of such models in global measures such as gaze durations or reaction times in lexical decision largely stems from postlexical reanalysis or decision processes. This finding highlights the importance of considering task demands in the study of morphological processing.

Keywords: Eye movements; Lexical processing; Mental models; Psycholinguistics; Word recognition.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Experiment 1. Decrease in mixed model deviance for the different measures and models. A higher value indicates better fit. GD = Gaze duration; FFD = First fixation duration; GmF = GD minus FFD
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Experiment 2. Decrease in mixed model deviance for the different measures and models. Higher value indicates better fit. GD = First run gaze duration; FFD = First fixation duration; GmF = GD minus FFD
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Experiment 1. Decrease in mixed model deviance as a function of the cross-entropy of the model. GD = Gaze duration; FFD = First fixation duration; GmF = GD minus FFD
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Experiment 2. Decrease in mixed model deviance as a function of the cross-entropy of the model. GD = Gaze duration; FFD = First fixation duration; GmF = First run GD minus FFD
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. 1974;19:716–723.
    1. Andrews S, Miller B, Rayner K. Eye movements and morphological segmentation of compound words: There is a mouse in mousetrap. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology. 2004;16:285–311.
    1. Baayen HR, Milin P, Filipovic DD, Hendrix P, Marelli M. An amorphous model for morphological processing in visual comprehension based on naive discriminative learning. Psychological Review. 2011;118:438–482. - PubMed
    1. Baayen RH, Dijkstra T, Schreuder R. Singulars and plurals in Dutch: Evidence for a parallel dual route model. Journal of Memory and Language. 1997;37:94–117.
    1. Baayen RH, Shaoul C, Willits J, Ramscar M. Comprehension without segmentation: A proof of concept with naive discriminative learning. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. 2016;31(1):106–128. doi: 10.1080/23273798.2015.1065336. - DOI

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources