Independent and Combined Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation and Circuit Resistance Training on Selected Adipokines in Postmenopausal Women

Abstract

We examined the effects of the independent and combined effects of Zataria Multiflora supplementation and circuit resistance training (CRT) on selected adipokines among postmenopausal women. Forty-eight postmenopausal women were divided into four groups: Exercise (EG, n = 12), Zataria Multiflora (ZMG, n = 12), exercise and Zataria Multiflora (ZMEG, n = 12), and control (CG, n = 12). Participants in experimental groups either performed CRT (3 sessions per week with intensity at 55% of one-repetition maximum) or supplemented with Zataria Multiflora (500 mg every day after breakfast with 100 ml of water), or their combination, for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected at pre- and post-intervention for measuring selected adipokines, including visfatin, omentin-1, vaspin, FGF-21, adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin. Our findings demonstrated that visfatin, vaspin, and leptin levels significantly decreased over the intervention period (all p < 0.05), with these values were lower in EG and ZMEG in comparison to CG at post-intervention (all p < 0.05). Visfatin and vaspin levels were also lower in ZMEG in comparison to EG at post-intervention (both p < 0.05). In contrast, omentin-1, ghrelin, adiponectin, and FGF21 significantly increased in EG and EMG (all p < 0.05) after CRT. These findings suggest that Zataria Multiflora supplementation by itself has little effect on measured adipokines; however, its combination with CRT produced noticeable effects on circulating levels of these adipokines, even more than CRT alone. Consequently, a combination of CRT and Zataria Multiflora supplementation may represent a potentially beneficial non-pharmacologic intervention on some selected adipokines in postmenopausal women.

Keywords: Zataria Multiflora; adipokine; inflammation; leptin; metabolic syndrome; postmenopausal women; vaspin; visfatin.

FIGURE 1

Experimental design of 8 weeks of CRT and Zataria Multifloria supplementation on adipokines response in postmenopausal. CRT, circuit exercise training; EG, exercise group; ZMG, Zataria Multifloria group; ZMEG, Zataria Multifloria and exercise group; CG, control group.

FIGURE 2

Visfatin levels in pre and post training. CG, control group; EG, exercise group; ZMG, Zataria Multiflora group; EZMG, Exercise and Zataria Multiflora group. Data are expressed as means ± SD. ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus post-test in CG group. ^##P < 0.01 versus post-test in ZMG group. ^¥¥P < 0.01, ^¥¥¥P < 0.001 versus pre-test in same group.

FIGURE 3

Vaspin levels in pre and post training. CG, control group; EG, exercise group; ZMG, Zataria Multiflora group; EZMG, Exercise and Zataria Multiflora group. Data are expressed as means ± SD. ^∗∗P < 0.01 versus post-test in CG group. ^###P < 0.001 versus post-test in ZMG group. ^¥¥P < 0.01, ^¥¥¥P < 0.001 versus pre-test in same group.

FIGURE 4

Omentin-1 levels in pre and post training. CG, control group; EG, exercise group; ZMG, Zataria Multiflora group; EZMG, Exercise and Zataria Multiflora group. Data are expressed as means ± SD. ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗∗P < 0.01 versus post-test in CG group. ^##P < 0.01 versus post-test in ZMG group. ^¥P < 0.05, ^¥¥¥P < 0.001 versus pre-test in same group.

FIGURE 5

Ghrelin levels in pre and post training. CG, control group; EG, exercise group; ZMG, Zataria Multiflora group; EZMG, Exercise and Zataria Multiflora group. Data are expressed as means ± SD. ^∗P < 0.05versus post-test in CG group.

FIGURE 6

Adiponectin levels in pre and post training. CG, control group; EG, exercise group; ZMG, Zataria Multiflora group; EZMG, Exercise and Zataria Multiflora group. Data are expressed as means ± SD.^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus post-test in CG group. ^###P < 0.001 versus post-test in ZMG group. ^¥¥P < 0.01 versus post-test in EG group. ^TTP < 0.01, ^TTTP < 0.001 versus pre-test in same group.

FIGURE 7

Leptin levels in pre and post training. CG, control group; EG, exercise group; ZMG, Zataria Multiflora group; EZMG, Exercise and Zataria Multiflora group. Data are expressed as means ± SD.^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus post-test in CG group. ^###P < 0.001 versus post-test in ZMG group. ^¥P < 0.05, ^¥¥¥P < 0.001 versus pre-test in same group.

FIGURE 8

FGF21 levels in pre and post training. CG, control group; EG, exercise group; ZMG, Zataria Multiflora group; EZMG, Exercise and Zataria Multiflora group. Data are expressed as means ± SD.^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 versus post-test in CG group. ^###P < 0.001 versus post-test in ZMG group. ^¥¥P < 0.01, ^¥¥¥P < 0.001 versus pre-test in same group.