Osteoporosis Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, and Screening in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Purpose of review: To review the burden of osteoporosis (OP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to describe the OP screening strategies applied in RA.

Recent findings: RA is an inflammatory condition that predisposes patients to development of OP. OP in RA has a multifactorial pathogenesis with systemic inflammation and glucocorticoid use playing major roles. Newer studies have reported an intriguing association between RA autoantibodies and the development of OP. OP screening strategies in RA patients include clinical and vitamin D assessment, biochemical markers of bone remodeling, and bone imaging evaluations, particularly dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Fragility fractures are an important comorbidity of RA. OP screening strategies are both feasible and effective in RA patients and recommended by most specialty organizations. Given the considerable exposure to factors related to OP development, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoid treatment, special attention should be directed to biochemical and DXA results in RA patients.

Keywords: Autoantibodies against citrullinated proteins; Fractures; Glucocorticoids; Osteoporosis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Screening.