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. 2019 May 26;5(5):CD012625.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012625.pub2.

Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease

Patrizia Natale  1 , Marinella Ruospo, Valeria M Saglimbene, Suetonia C Palmer, Giovanni Fm Strippoli
Affiliations

Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease

Patrizia Natale et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Sleep disorders are commonly experienced by people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several approaches for improving sleep quality are used in clinical practice including relaxation techniques, exercise, acupressure, and medication.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness and associated adverse events of interventions designed to improve sleep quality among adults and children with CKD including people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) treated with dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies up to 8 October 2018 with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Register (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-randomised RCTs of any intervention in which investigators reported effects on sleep quality. Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts of identified records.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias for included studies. The primary outcomes were sleep quality, sleep onset latency, sleep duration, sleep interruption, and sleep efficiency. Risks of bias were assessed using the Cochrane tool. Evidence certainty was assessed using the GRADE approach. We calculated treatment estimates as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes or mean difference (MD) or standardised MD (SMD) for continuous outcomes to account for heterogeneity in measures of sleep quality.

Main results: Sixty-seven studies involving 3427 participants met the eligibility criteria. Thirty-six studies involving 2239 participants were included in meta-analyses. Follow-up for clinical outcomes ranged between 0.3 and 52.8 weeks (median 5 weeks). Interventions included relaxation techniques, exercise, acupressure, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), educational interventions, benzodiazepine treatment, dopaminergic agonists, telephone support, melatonin, reflexology, light therapy, different forms of peritoneal dialysis, music, aromatherapy, and massage. Incomplete reporting of key methodological details resulted in uncertain risk of bias in many studies.In very low certainty evidence relaxation techniques had uncertain effects on sleep quality and duration, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), depression, anxiety, and fatigue. Studies were not designed to evaluate the effects of relaxation on sleep latency or hospitalisation. Exercise had uncertain effects on sleep quality (SMD -1.10, 95% CI -2.26 to 0.05; I2 = 90%; 5 studies, 165 participants; very low certainty evidence). Exercise probably decreased depression (MD -9.05, 95% CI -13.72 to -4.39; I2 = 0%; 2 studies, 46 participants; moderate certainty evidence) and fatigue (SMD -0.68, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.29; I2 = 0%; 2 studies, 107 participants; moderate certainty evidence). Compared with no acupressure, acupressure had uncertain effects on sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale 0 - 21) (MD -1.27, 95% CI -2.13 to -0.40; I2 = 89%; 6 studies, 367 participants: very low certainty evidence). Acupressure probably slightly improved sleep latency (scale 0 - 3) (MD -0.59, 95% CI -0.92 to -0.27; I2 = 0%; 3 studies, 173 participants; moderate certainty evidence) and sleep time (scale 0 - 3) (MD -0.60, 95% CI -1.12 to -0.09; I2 = 68%; 3 studies, 173 participants; moderate certainty evidence), although effects on sleep disturbance were uncertain as the evidence certainty was very low (scale 0 - 3) (MD -0.49, 95% CI -1.16 to 0.19; I2 = 97%). In moderate certainty evidence, acupressure probably decrease fatigue (MD -1.07, 95% CI -1.67 to -0.48; I2 = 0%; 2 studies, 137 participants). Acupressure had uncertain effects on depression (MD -3.65, 95% CI -7.63 to 0.33; I2 = 27%; 2 studies, 137 participants; very low certainty evidence) while studies were not designed to evaluate the effect of acupressure on HRQoL, anxiety, or hospitalisation. It was uncertain whether acupressure compared with sham acupressure improved sleep quality (PSQI scale 0 to 21) because the certainty of the evidence was very low (MD -2.25, 95% CI -6.33 to 1.82; I2 = 96%; 2 studies, 129 participants), but total sleep time may have been improved (SMD -0.34, 95% CI -0.73 to 0.04; I2 = 0%; 2 studies, 107 participants; low certainty evidence). 2 =2 =There were no studies designed to directly examine and/or correlate efficacy of any interventions aimed at improving sleep that may have been attempted for the spectrum of sleep disordered breathing. No studies reported treatment effects for children. Adverse effects of therapies were very uncertain.

Authors' conclusions: The evidence base for improving sleep quality and related outcomes for adults and children with CKD is sparse. Relaxation techniques and exercise had uncertain effects on sleep outcomes. Acupressure may improve sleep latency and duration, although these findings are based on few studies. The effects of acupressure were not confirmed in studies in which sham acupressure was used as the control. Given the very low certainly evidence, future research will very likely change the evidence base. Based on the importance of symptom management to patients, caregivers and clinicians, future studies of sleep interventions among people with CKD should be a priority.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Patrizia Natale: none known

  2. Marinella Ruospo: none known

  3. Valeria M Saglimbene: none known

  4. Suetonia C Palmer: none known

  5. Giovanni FM Strippoli: none known

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Tsai 2015 {published data only}
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Tsay 2003a {published data only}
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Tsay 2004 {published data only}
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Turk 2010 {published data only}
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Unal 2016 {published data only}
    1. Unal KS, Balci Akpinar R. The effect of foot reflexology and back massage on hemodialysis patients' fatigue and sleep quality. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 2016;24:139‐44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Williams 2017 {published data only}
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Yurtkuran 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yurtkuran M, Alp A, Yurtkuran M, Dilek K. A modified yoga‐based exercise program in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2007;15(3):164‐71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zhao 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zhao T. The effect study of auricular point magnetic bead plaster therapy on sleep disorders and comfort status in maintenance hemodialysis patients [dissertation]. Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China 2011.
Zou 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zou C, Yang L, Wu Y, Su G, Chen S, Guo X, et al. Auricular acupressure on specific points for hemodialysis patients with insomnia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 2015;10(4):e0122724. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

ACTIVE Dialysis 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cass A, Jardine MJ, Gallagher MP, Howard K, Hawley C, Kerr P, et al. Rationale and design of the ACTIVE dialysis trial: a multicenter, unblinded, randomized controlled trial of extended vs. standard duration of dialysis in patients with end‐stage kidney disease [abstract]. Hemodialysis International 2009;13(3):389. [EMBASE: 70213361]
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References to studies awaiting assessment

So 2007 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

CTRI/2016/04/006870 {published data only}
    1. Ruby A. Effectiveness of self care management support intervention on medication adherence, pruritus severity, sleep quality and quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease associated pruritus. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=13708 (first received 22 April 2016).
Dos Reis Santos 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dos Reis Santos I, Danaga AR, Carvalho Aguiar I, Oliveira EF, Dias IS, Urbano JJ, et al. Cardiovascular risk and mortality in end‐stage renal disease patients undergoing dialysis: sleep study, pulmonary function, respiratory mechanics, upper airway collapsibility, autonomic nervous activity, depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life: a prospective, double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Nephrology 2013;14:215. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
IRCT2016060228219N1 {published data only}
    1. Ghanbarabadi R. Effects of cool dialysate on sleep quality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. https://en.irct.ir/trial/22936 (first received 30 October 2016).
IRCT2017020311885N8 {published data only}
    1. Farnia S. Effects of transcranial direct currency stimulation (tDCS) on the treatment of depressive and anxiety symptoms and improve quality of sleep in patients with chronic renal diseases on dialysis ‐ a randomized double‐blind placebo controlled trial. https://en.irct.ir/trial/12067 (first received 1 April 2017).
NCT01620580 {published data only}
    1. Danquah FV. Symptom management program for hemodialysis patients. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01620580 (first received 24 October 2011).
NCT01922999 {published data only}
    1. Tumlin JA. Different doses of oral melatonin supplements in chronic kidney disease (CKD)‐associated sleep disorders. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01922999 (first received 7 August 2013).
NCT02361268 {published data only}
    1. Birdee GS. End‐stage renal disease intra‐dialysis lifestyle education study. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02361268 (first received 29 January 2015).
NCT02420184 {published data only}
    1. Hanly PJ. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in chronic kidney disease. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02420184 (first received 14 April 2015).
NCT02816762 {published data only}
    1. Garcia‐Rio F. CPAP effect on albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy and obstructive sleep apnea. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02816762 (first received 31 May 2016).
NCT02939586 {published data only}
    1. Chu G. The effect of haemodialysis in sleep apnoea. www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02939586 (first received 18 October 2016).
Wu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Wu Y, Yang L, Li L, Wu X, Zhong Z, He Z, et al. Auricular acupressure for insomnia in hemodialysis patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2018;19(1):171. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed

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References to other published versions of this review

Natale 2017
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