Teratological research using in vitro systems. V. Nonmammalian model systems
- PMID: 3113934
- PMCID: PMC1474641
- DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8772237
Teratological research using in vitro systems. V. Nonmammalian model systems
Abstract
In this review of alternative tests to whole-animal rodent studies, the use of sub-mammalian and sub-vertebrate systems is investigated. The history, methodology, known limitations, end points, dose response, and requirements of virus, hydra, planarian, cricket, fish, amphibia, Drosophila, and chicken embryo systems are discussed.
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