Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019 May 9:10:554.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00554. eCollection 2019.

Muscle and Systemic Molecular Responses to a Single Flywheel Based Iso-Inertial Training Session in Resistance-Trained Men

Giosuè Annibalini  1 , Serena Contarelli  1 , Francesco Lucertini  1 , Michele Guescini  1 , Serena Maggio  1 , Paola Ceccaroli  1 , Marco Gervasi  1 , Carlo Ferri Marini  1 , Francesco Fardetti  1 , Eugenio Grassi  1 , Vilberto Stocchi  1 , Elena Barbieri  1   2 , Piero Benelli  1
Affiliations

Muscle and Systemic Molecular Responses to a Single Flywheel Based Iso-Inertial Training Session in Resistance-Trained Men

Giosuè Annibalini et al. Front Physiol. .

Abstract

Growing evidence points to the effectiveness of flywheel (FW) based iso-inertial resistance training in improving physical performance capacities. However, molecular adaptations induced by FW exercises are largely unknown. Eight resistance-trained men performed 5 sets of 10 maximal squats on a FW device. Muscle biopsies (fine needle aspiration technique) and blood samples were collected before (t0), and 2 h (t1) after FW exercise. Blood samples were additionally drawn after 24 h (t2) and 48 h (t3). Paired samples t-tests revealed significant increases, at t1, of mRNA expression of the genes involved in inflammation, in both muscle (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (IkB-α, MCP-1). Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) and EV-encapsulated miRNA levels (miR-206, miR-146a) significantly increased at t1 as well. Conversely, muscle mRNA level of genes associated with muscle growth/remodeling (IGF-1Ea, cyclin D1, myogenin) decreased at t1. One-way repeated measure ANOVAs, with Bonferroni corrected post-hoc pairwise comparisons, revealed significant increases in plasma concentrations of IL-6 (t1; t2; t3) and muscle creatine kinase (t1; t2), while IGF-1 significantly increased at t2 only. Our findings show that, even in experienced resistance trained individuals, a single FW training session modifies local and systemic markers involved in late structural remodeling and functional adaptation of skeletal muscle.

Keywords: circulating miRNAs; extracellular vesicles; growth factors; inflammation; iso-inertial exercise.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental design of the flywheel training session (4th visit) and of the following blood draws (5th and 6th visit). The time schedule of pre- (t0) and post-exercise (t1; t2; t3) samplings is shown below the timeline. FNA, fine needle aspiration.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Fold change in IkBα, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-6R (A), IGF-1 isoforms (B) and cyclin D1, myogenin and MRF4 (C) mRNA levels in muscle FNA samples obtained 2 h post-exercise (t1) compared to the pre-exercise (t0) (represented by the dotted line). Values are mean ± SE. *, significant difference from t0 (p < 0.05); **, highly significant difference from t0 (p < 0.01); n = 8.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Quantification of IL-6 (A), CKM (B), and IGF-1 (C) plasma levels before (t0) and after (t1: 2 h; t2: 24 h; t3: 48 h) the flywheel training session. Values are mean ± SE. *, significant difference from t0 (p < 0.05); **, highly significant difference from t0 (p < 0.01); n = 8.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Fold change in IkB-α, MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-6R mRNA levels in PBMC isolated 2 h post-exercise (t1) compared to pre-exercise (t0) (represented by the dotted line). Values are mean ± SE. *, significant difference from t0 (p < 0.05); n = 8.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Post-exercise (t1) vs. pre-exercise (t0) nanoparticle tracking assay of circulating EVs (A) and fold change in miRNA levels in circulating EVs (B). Pre-exercise values within (B) are represented by the dotted line. Values are mean ± SE. **, highly significant difference from t0 (p < 0.01); n = 8.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Annibalini G., Lucertini F., Agostini D., Vallorani L., Gioacchini A., Barbieri E., et al. . (2017). Concurrent aerobic and resistance training has anti-inflammatory effects and increases both plasma and leukocyte levels of IGF-1 in late middle-aged type 2 diabetic patients. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017:3937842. 10.1155/2017/3937842 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Askling C., Karlsson J., Thorstensson A. (2003). Hamstring injury occurrence in elite soccer players after preseason strength training with eccentric overload. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 13, 244–250. 10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.00312.x - DOI - PubMed
    1. Baggish A. L., Hale A., Weiner R. B., Lewis G. D., Systrom D., Wang F., et al. . (2011). Dynamic regulation of circulating microRNA during acute exhaustive exercise and sustained aerobic exercise training. J. Physiol. (Lond). 589, 3983–3994. 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.213363 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bamman M. M., Shipp J. R., Jiang J., Gower B. A., Hunter G. R., Goodman A., et al. . (2001). Mechanical load increases muscle IGF-I and androgen receptor mRNA concentrations in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 280, E383–E90. 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.3.E383 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Banzet S., Chennaoui M., Girard O., Racinais S., Drogou C., Chalabi H., et al. . (2013). Changes in circulating microRNAs levels with exercise modality. J. Appl. Physiol. 115, 1237–1244. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00075.2013 - DOI - PubMed