Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2020 Oct;16(5):1-13.
doi: 10.1002/rcs.2020. Epub 2020 Jun 8.

Operational framework and training standard requirements for AI-empowered robotic surgery

Shane O'Sullivan  1 , Simon Leonard  2 , Andreas Holzinger  3 , Colin Allen  4 , Fiorella Battaglia  5 , Nathalie Nevejans  6 , Fijs W B van Leeuwen  7 , Mohammed Imran Sajid  8 , Michael Friebe  9 , Hutan Ashrafian  10 , Helmut Heinsen  1   11 , Dominic Wichmann  12 , Margaret Hartnett  13 , Anthony G Gallagher  14   15
Affiliations
Review

Operational framework and training standard requirements for AI-empowered robotic surgery

Shane O'Sullivan et al. Int J Med Robot. 2020 Oct.

Abstract

Background: For autonomous robot-delivered surgeries to ever become a feasible option, we recommend the combination of human-centered artificial intelligence (AI) and transparent machine learning (ML), with integrated Gross anatomy models. This can be supplemented with medical imaging data of cadavers for performance evaluation.

Methods: We reviewed technological advances and state-of-the-art documented developments. We undertook a literature search on surgical robotics and skills, tracing agent studies, relevant frameworks, and standards for AI. This embraced transparency aspects of AI.

Conclusion: We recommend "a procedure/skill template" for teaching AI that can be used by a surgeon. Similar existing methodologies show that when such a metric-based approach is used for training surgeons, cardiologists, and anesthetists, it results in a >40% error reduction in objectively assessed intraoperative procedures. The integration of Explainable AI and ML, and novel tissue characterization sensorics to tele-operated robotic-assisted procedures with medical imaged cadavers, provides robotic guidance and refines tissue classifications at a molecular level.

Keywords: autonomous robotic surgery; dexterity; explainable artificial intelligence xai; supervised autonomy; surgical navigation; surgical skills.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

REFERENCES

    1. Jeelani S, Dany A, Anand B, Vandana S, Maheswaran T, Rajkumar E. Robotics and medicine: a scientific rainbow in hospital. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015;7(suppl S2):381-383.
    1. Moustris GP, Hiridis SC, Deliparaschos KM, Konstantinidis KM. Evolution of autonomous and semi-autonomous robotic surgical systems: a review of the literature. Int J Med Robot. 2011;7(4):375-392. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcs.408.
    1. Holzinger A, Kickmeier-Rust MD, Wassertheurer S, Hessinger M. Learning performance with interactive simulations in medical education: lessons learned from results of learning complex physiological models with the HAEMOdynamics SIMulator. Comput Educ. 2009;52(2):292-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.08.008.
    1. Pabst R. Gross anatomy: an outdated subject or an essential part of a modern medical curriculum? Results of a questionnaire circulated to final-year medical students. Anat Rec. 1993;237:431-433.
    1. Cardell RR. The education and training of anatomy graduate students in the biomedical sciences in the twenty-first century. Anat Rec. 1998;253:41-41.

LinkOut - more resources