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. 2019 May 29;24(11):2044.
doi: 10.3390/molecules24112044.

Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Lingzhi (Ganoderma lingzhi) During the Developmental Stages

Dedi Satria  1   2 , Sonam Tamrakar  3 , Hiroto Suhara  4 , Shuhei Kaneko  5 , Kuniyoshi Shimizu  6
Affiliations

Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Lingzhi (Ganoderma lingzhi) During the Developmental Stages

Dedi Satria et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Lingzhi is a Ganoderma mushroom species which has a wide range of bioactivities. Analysis of the changes in metabolites during the developmental stages of lingzhi is important to understand the underlying mechanism of its biosynthesis, as well as its bioactivity. It may also provide valuable information for the cultivation efficiency of lingzhi. In this study, mass spectrometry based untargeted metabolomics was carried out to analyze the alteration of metabolites during developmental stages of lingzhi. Eight developmental stages were categorized on the basis of morphological changes; starting from mycelium stage to post-mature stage. GC/MS and LC/MS analyses along with multivariate analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were performed. Amino acids, organic acids, sugars, polyols, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and some small polar metabolites were extracted as marker metabolites from GC/MS analysis, while, lanostane-type triterpenoids were observed in LC/MS analysis of lingzhi. The marker metabolites from untargeted analysis of lingzhi developmental stages were correlated with the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Two metabolites, compounds 34 and 35, were identified as potential contributors of the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The current result shows that some metabolites are involved in the developmental process and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of lingzhi.

Keywords: GC/MS; Ganoderma lingzhi; LC/IT-TOF-MS; developmental stages; untargeted metabolomics; α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental design of lingzhi (Ganoderma lingzhi) analysis harvested at eight developmental stages.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) PCA score plot and (B) PLS-DA score plot of each G. lingzhi samples at the eight developmental stages analyzed by GC/MS; (C) Heat maps of significantly different metabolites at the eight developmental stages of G. lingzhi from GC/MS analysis. Each column represents the developmental stage, and the fold change of average peak area denoted by the number and color of heat scale.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) PCA and (B) PLS-DA score plot of each G. lingzhi samples at the eight developmental stages analyzed by LC/IT-TOF-MS; (C) Heat maps of significantly different metabolites at the eight developmental stages of G. lingzhi from LC/IT-TOF-MS analysis. Each column represents the developmental stage, and the fold change of average peak area denoted by the number and color of heat scale.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Chemical structures of selected discriminant metabolites from LC/IT-TOF-MS analysis.
Figure 5
Figure 5
α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 in μg/mL) of ethanol extract of G. lingzhi at different developmental stages.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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