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. 2019 May 29;5(5):eaav0536.
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0536. eCollection 2019 May.

Worldwide phylogeography and history of wheat genetic diversity

François Balfourier  1 , Sophie Bouchet  1 , Sandra Robert  1 , Romain De Oliveira  1 , Hélène Rimbert  1 , Jonathan Kitt  1 , Frédéric Choulet  1 ; International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium; BreedWheat Consortium; Etienne Paux  1
Affiliations

Worldwide phylogeography and history of wheat genetic diversity

François Balfourier et al. Sci Adv. .

Abstract

Since its domestication in the Fertile Crescent ~8000 to 10,000 years ago, wheat has undergone a complex history of spread, adaptation, and selection. To get better insights into the wheat phylogeography and genetic diversity, we describe allele distribution through time using a set of 4506 landraces and cultivars originating from 105 different countries genotyped with a high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism array. Although the genetic structure of landraces is collinear to ancient human migration roads, we observe a reshuffling through time, related to breeding programs, with the appearance of new alleles enriched with structural variations that may be the signature of introgressions from wild relatives after 1960.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Size difference of haplotypic blocks along wheat chromosomes.
(A) Boxplot of sizes in the R1, R2a, C, R2b, and R3 regions of wheat chromosomes. (B) Distribution of haplotypic blocks along chromosome 2B. The block color corresponds to its size.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Geographical projection of the PCoA axes for 632 landraces.
(A) PCoA1. (B) PCoA2.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Ward dendrogram showing phylogenetic relationships between 4403 wheat accessions revealed by 8741 haplotypes.
The different colors correspond to the 11 groups.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Proportion of the 11 groups among the landraces, traditional cultivars and modern varieties from different regions of the world.
(A) World, (B) Europe, and (C) China. The different colors correspond to the 11 groups.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Frequency of occurrence of OTVs in wheat accessions according to the status or registration period.
Landraces in red, traditional lines (before 1960) in purple, and modern varieties (from 1960 onward) in blue.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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