A 28-Year-Old Woman with Ascites and Multiple Focal Spleen Lesions

Abstract

Serous effusions complicating the course of lymphomas occur commonly in the pleural space but seldom in the peritoneum, where they most often present as chylous ascites with diagnostic cytology. Almost invariably, in these rare cases, the serum to ascites albumin gradient is low. We describe a 28-year-old woman with anasarca, ascites and a serum to ascites albumin gradient of 1.1 g/dl, consistent with portal hypertension. No tumour cells were detected in the ascitic fluid. However, a CT scan of the chest and abdomen disclosed liver and spleen enlargement and multiple enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes, suspicious for a lymphoproliferative disorder. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy were not diagnostic, so a decision was made to proceed with a splenectomy despite the onset of low-grade disseminated intravascular coagulation. Surgery was uneventful. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma was diagnosed. A liver biopsy taken at the time of surgery demonstrated that the liver parenchyma was massively infiltrated by reactive T lymphocytes surrounding rare large CD20+ tumour cells. This infiltrate had likely led to increased portal pressure attended by ascites formation, which resolved completely after chemotherapy. The case emphasizes the rewards of pursuing a diagnosis supported by a high prior probability even in the presence of apparently discordant laboratory findings, as well as the importance of performing a diagnostic splenectomy in case of splenomegaly with unexplained focal lesions.

Learning points: Lymphomas may present with serous effusion, which is usually chylous and with positive cytology when represented by ascites accumulation; non-chylous effusions can be due to altered lymphatic drainage, extrinsic compression of the portal vein by enlarged lymph nodes as well as massive infiltration of the liver by lymphoma.If the cause of splenomegaly is unclear, diagnostic splenectomy remains a viable option.The diagnosis of lymphoma should always be pursued, even if it requires apparently unwise surgery, since this type of cancer can be treated effectively only if thoroughly characterized pathologically and molecularly.

Keywords: Ascites; diagnostic splenectomy; disseminated intravascular coagulation; lymphoma; splenomegaly.

Figure 1

Coronal view of a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen and chest, showing a distorted and enlarged spleen and a diffusely enlarged liver with no focal lesions

Figure 2

Transverse view of a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the abdomen, showing a distorted and enlarged spleen and a diffusely enlarged liver with no focal lesions, with recanalization of the umbilical vein

Figure 3

Gross examination of the spleen showing marked splenomegaly and multiple large nodules, with pushing borders, evenly dark red coloured as the surrounding parenchyma

Figure 4

Histopathological examination of the liver biopsy specimen taken at the time of laparotomy showing nodular infiltration of the liver parenchyma by mononuclear cells (H&E stain, 10×)

Figure 5

Liver biopsy immunohistochemistry staining showing scattered large B CD20+ lymphocytes (A) and predominantly small T CD3+ lymphocytes (B) (magnification: 10×)