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. 2019 Jun 5;6(6):CD009670.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009670.pub4.

Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation

Jamie Hartmann-Boyce  1 , Bosun Hong, Jonathan Livingstone-Banks, Hannah Wheat, Thomas R Fanshawe
Affiliations

Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation

Jamie Hartmann-Boyce et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation increase the likelihood of achieving abstinence in a quit attempt. It is plausible that providing support, or, if support is offered, offering more intensive support or support including particular components may increase abstinence further.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of adding or increasing the intensity of behavioural support for people using smoking cessation medications, and to assess whether there are different effects depending on the type of pharmacotherapy, or the amount of support in each condition. We also looked at studies which directly compare behavioural interventions matched for contact time, where pharmacotherapy is provided to both groups (e.g. tests of different components or approaches to behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy).

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group Specialised Register, clinicaltrials.gov, and the ICTRP in June 2018 for records with any mention of pharmacotherapy, including any type of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, nortriptyline or varenicline, that evaluated the addition of personal support or compared two or more intensities of behavioural support.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials in which all participants received pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation and conditions differed by the amount or type of behavioural support. The intervention condition had to involve person-to-person contact (defined as face-to-face or telephone). The control condition could receive less intensive personal contact, a different type of personal contact, written information, or no behavioural support at all. We excluded trials recruiting only pregnant women and trials which did not set out to assess smoking cessation at six months or longer.

Data collection and analysis: For this update, screening and data extraction followed standard Cochrane methods. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least six months of follow-up. We used the most rigorous definition of abstinence for each trial, and biochemically-validated rates, if available. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each study. Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using a random-effects model.

Main results: Eighty-three studies, 36 of which were new to this update, met the inclusion criteria, representing 29,536 participants. Overall, we judged 16 studies to be at low risk of bias and 21 studies to be at high risk of bias. All other studies were judged to be at unclear risk of bias. Results were not sensitive to the exclusion of studies at high risk of bias. We pooled all studies comparing more versus less support in the main analysis. Findings demonstrated a benefit of behavioural support in addition to pharmacotherapy. When all studies of additional behavioural therapy were pooled, there was evidence of a statistically significant benefit from additional support (RR 1.15, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.22, I² = 8%, 65 studies, n = 23,331) for abstinence at longest follow-up, and this effect was not different when we compared subgroups by type of pharmacotherapy or intensity of contact. This effect was similar in the subgroup of eight studies in which the control group received no behavioural support (RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.43, I² = 20%, n = 4,018). Seventeen studies compared interventions matched for contact time but that differed in terms of the behavioural components or approaches employed. Of the 15 comparisons, all had small numbers of participants and events. Only one detected a statistically significant effect, favouring a health education approach (which the authors described as standard counselling containing information and advice) over motivational interviewing approach (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.94, n = 378).

Authors' conclusions: There is high-certainty evidence that providing behavioural support in person or via telephone for people using pharmacotherapy to stop smoking increases quit rates. Increasing the amount of behavioural support is likely to increase the chance of success by about 10% to 20%, based on a pooled estimate from 65 trials. Subgroup analysis suggests that the incremental benefit from more support is similar over a range of levels of baseline support. More research is needed to assess the effectiveness of specific components that comprise behavioural support.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

JHB: none known

BH: none known

JLB: none known

HW: none known

TRF: none known

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram for 2019 update
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Effect of increasing behavioural support. Abstinence at longest follow‐up. Subgroups by type of pharmacotherapy
4
4
Meta‐regression results (the fitted meta‐regression trend is shown as the solid line)
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Effect of increasing behavioural support. Abstinence at longest follow‐up, outcome: 1.1 Subgroups by type of pharmacotherapy.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Effect of increasing behavioural support. Abstinence at longest follow‐up, Outcome 1 Subgroups by type of pharmacotherapy.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Effect of increasing behavioural support. Abstinence at longest follow‐up, Outcome 2 Subgroups by contrast in number of contacts between intervention & control.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Effect of increasing behavioural support. Abstinence at longest follow‐up, Outcome 3 Subgroups by duration of contact in control condition (not prespecified).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Effect of increasing behavioural support. Abstinence at longest follow‐up, Outcome 4 Subgroup by modality of intervention contact (not prespecified).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Effect of increasing behavioural support: Sensitivity analyses, Outcome 1 Sensitivity analysis including intermediate intensity conditions. Adjunct behavioural support versus pharmacotherapy alone.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Effect of increasing behavioural support: Sensitivity analyses, Outcome 2 By outcome definition.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Studies matched for contact time. Abstinence at longest follow‐up point, Outcome 1 Abstinence at longest follow‐up.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. Okuyemi KS, Goldade K, Whembolua GL, Thomas JL, Eischen S, Sewali B, et al. Motivational interviewing to enhance nicotine patch treatment for smoking cessation among homeless smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2013;108(6):1136‐44. [CENTRAL: 921008; CRS: 9400107000001568; PEER: Reviewed Journal: 2013‐16822‐021; PUBMED: 23510102] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Robinson CD, Rogers CR, Okuyemi KS. Depression symptoms among homeless smokers: effect of motivational interviewing. Substance Use & Misuse 2016;51(10):1393‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Otero 2006 {published data only}
    1. Otero UB, Perez CA, Szklo M, Esteves GA, DePinho MM, Szklo AS, et al. Randomized clinical trial: effectiveness of the cognitive‐behavioral approach and the use of nicotine replacement transdermal patches for smoking cessation among adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [Ensaio clinico randomizado: efetividade da abordagem cognitivo‐comportamental e uso de adesivos transdermicos de reposicao de nicotina, na cessacao de fumar, em adultos residentes no Municipio do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil]. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2006;22:439‐49. - PubMed
Patten 2017 {published data only}
    1. Patten CA, Bronars CA, Vickers Douglas KS, Ussher MH, Levine JA, Tye SJ, et al. Supervised, vigorous intensity exercise intervention for depressed female smokers: a pilot study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2017;19(1):77‐86. - PMC - PubMed
Prapavessis 2016 {published data only}
    1. Prapavessis H, Jesus S, Fitzgeorge L, Faulkner G, Maddison R, Batten S. Exercise to enhance smoking cessation: the getting physical on cigarette randomized control trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2016;50(3):358‐69. - PubMed
Reid 1999 {published data only}
    1. D'Angelo ME, Reid RD, Brown KS, Pipe AL. Gender differences in predictors for long‐term smoking cessation following physician advice and nicotine replacement therapy. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2001;92(6):418‐22. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Reid RD, Pipe A, Dafoe WA. Is telephone counselling a useful addition to physician advice and nicotine replacement therapy in helping patients to stop smoking? A randomized controlled trial. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1999;160(11):1577‐81. - PMC - PubMed
Rohsenow 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rohsenow DJ, Martin RA, Monti PM, Colby SM, Day AM, Abrams DB, et al. Motivational interviewing versus brief advice for cigarette smokers in residential alcohol treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2014;46(3):346‐55. [CENTRAL: 959232; CRS: 9400130000000480; EMBASE: 2014038589; PUBMED: 24210533] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Colby SM, Martin RA. Brief interventions for smoking cessation in alcoholic smokers. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2002;26(12):1950‐1. [CENTRAL: 434257; CRS: 9400123000003065; PUBMED: 12500132] - PubMed
Rovina 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rovina N, Nikoloutsou I, Katsani G, Dima E, Fransis K, Roussos C, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions for smoking cessation in actual clinical practice. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 2009;3(6):279‐87. - PubMed
Schlam 2016 {published data only}
    1. Schlam TR, Cook JW, Baker TB, Hayes‐Birchler T, Bolt DM, Smith SS, et al. Can we increase smokers' adherence to nicotine replacement therapy and does this help them quit?. Psychopharmacology 2018;235(7):2065‐75. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schlam TR, Fiore MC, Smith SS, Fraser D, Bolt DM, Collins LM, et al. Comparative effectiveness of intervention components for producing long‐term abstinence from smoking: a factorial screening experiment. Addiction 2016;111(1):142‐55. - PMC - PubMed
Schmitz 2007a {published data only}
    1. Schmitz JM, Stotts AL, Mooney ME, Delaune KA, Moeller GF. Bupropion and cognitive‐behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in women. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(6):699‐709. - PubMed
Simon 2003 {published data only}
    1. Simon JA, Carmody TP, Hudes ES, Snyder E, Murray J. Intensive smoking cessation counseling versus minimal counseling among hospitalized smokers treated with transdermal nicotine replacement: a randomized trial. American Journal of Medicine 2003;114(7):555‐62. - PubMed
Smith 2001 {published data only}
    1. Smith SS, Jorenby DE, Fiore MC, Anderson JE, Mielke MM, Beach KE, et al. Strike while the iron is hot: can stepped‐care treatments resurrect relapsing smokers?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001;69(3):429‐39. - PubMed
Smith 2013a {published data only}
    1. Smith SS, Keller PA, Kobinsky KH, Baker TB, Fraser DL, Bush T, et al. Enhancing tobacco quitline effectiveness: identifying a superior pharmacotherapy adjuvant. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2013;15(3):718‐28. - PMC - PubMed
Smith 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT01083654. Menominee stop tobacco abuse renew tradition study. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01083654 (first received 10 March 2010).
    1. Smith SS, Rouse LM, Caskey M, Fossum J, Strickland R, Culhane JK, et al. Culturally‐tailored smoking cessation for adult American Indian smokers: a clinical trial. Journal of Counseling Psychology 2014;42(6):852‐86. - PMC - PubMed
Solomon 2000 {published data only}
    1. Solomon LJ, Scharoun GM, Flynn BS, Secker‐Walker RH, Sepinwall D. Free nicotine patches plus proactive telephone peer support to help low‐income women stop smoking. Preventive Medicine 2000;31(1):68‐74. - PubMed
Solomon 2005 {published data only}
    1. Solomon LJ, Marcy TW, Howe KD, Skelly JM, Reinier K, Flynn BS. Does extended proactive telephone support increase smoking cessation among low‐income women using nicotine patches?. Preventive Medicine 2005;40(3):306‐13. - PubMed
Stanton 2015 {published data only}
    1. Stanton CA, Papandonatos GD, Shuter J, Bicki A, Lloyd‐Richardson EE, Dios MA, et al. Outcomes of a tailored intervention for cigarette smoking cessation among Latinos living with HIV/AIDS. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2015;17(8):975‐82. - PMC - PubMed
Stein 2006 {published data only}
    1. Stein MD, Anderson BJ, Niaura R. Smoking cessation patterns in methadone‐maintained smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(3):421‐8. - PubMed
    1. Stein MD, Weinstock MC, Herman DS, Anderson BJ. Respiratory symptom relief related to reduction in cigarette use. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2005;20(10):889‐94. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stein MD, Weinstock MC, Herman DS, Anderson BJ, Anthony JL, Niaura R. A smoking cessation intervention for the methadone‐maintained. Addiction 2006;101(4):599‐607. - PubMed
Strong 2009 {published data only}
    1. Strong DR, Kahler CW, Leventhal AM, Abrantes AM, Lloyd‐Richardson E, Niaura R, et al. Impact of bupropion and cognitive‐behavioral treatment for depression on positive affect, negative affect, and urges to smoke during cessation treatment. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(10):1142‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Swan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Jack LM, Swan GE, Thompson E, Curry SJ, McAfee T, Dacey S, et al. Bupropion SR and smoking cessation in actual practice: methods for recruitment, screening, and exclusion for a field trial in a managed‐care setting. Preventive Medicine 2003;36(5):585‐93. - PubMed
    1. Javitz HS, Swan GE, Zbikowski SM, Curry SJ, McAfee TA, Decker DL, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation: a societal perspective. American Journal of Managed Care 2004;10(3):217‐26. - PubMed
    1. Swan GE, Jack LM, Curry S, Chorost M, Javitz H, McAfee T, et al. Bupropion SR and counseling for smoking cessation in actual practice: predictors of outcome. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2003;5(6):911‐21. - PubMed
    1. Swan GE, Jack LM, Javitz HS, McAfee T, McClure JB. Predictors of 12‐month outcome in smokers who received bupropion sustained‐release for smoking cessation. Central Nervous System Drugs 2008;22(3):239‐56. - PubMed
    1. Swan GE, Javitz HS, Jack LM, Curry SJ, McAfee T. Heterogeneity in 12‐month outcome among female and male smokers. Addiction 2004;99(2):237‐50. - PubMed
Swan 2010 {published data only}
    1. Catz SL, Jack LM, McClure JB, Javitz HS, Deprey M, Zbikowski SM, et al. Adherence to varenicline in the COMPASS smoking cessation intervention trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011;13(5):361‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Halperin AC, McAfee TA, Jack LM, Catz SL, McClure JB, Deprey TM, et al. Impact of symptoms experienced by varenicline users on tobacco treatment in a real world setting. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2009;36(4):428‐34. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McClure JB, Jack L, Deprey M, Catz S, McAfee T, Zbikowski S, et al. Canary in a coal mine? Interest in bupropion SR use among smokers in the COMPASS trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(12):1815‐6. - PubMed
    1. McClure JB, Swan GE, Jack L, Catz SL, Zbikowski SM, McAfee TA, et al. Mood, side‐effects and smoking outcomes among persons with and without probable lifetime depression taking varenicline. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2009;24(5):563‐9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Swan GE, McClure JB, Jack LM, Zbikowski SM, Javitz HS, Catz SL, et al. Behavioral counseling and varenicline treatment for smoking cessation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;38(5):482‐90. - PMC - PubMed
Tonnesen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tonnesen P, Mikkelsen K, Bremann L. Nurse‐conducted smoking cessation in patients with COPD using nicotine sublingual tablets and behavioral support. Chest 2006;130(2):334‐42. - PubMed
Vander Weg 2016 {published data only}
    1. NCT01592695. Tailored tobacco quitline for rural veterans. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT01592695 (first received 7 March 2012).
    1. Vander Weg MW, Cozad AJ, Howren MB, Cretzmeyer M, Scherubel M, Turvey C, et al. An individually‐tailored smoking cessation intervention for rural veterans: a pilot randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16:811. - PMC - PubMed
Van Rossem 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rossem C, Spigt M, Smit ES, Viechtbauer W, Mijnheer KK, Schayck CP, et al. Combining intensive practice nurse counselling or brief general practitioner advice with varenicline for smoking cessation in primary care: study protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2015;41:298‐312. [CENTRAL: 1066790; CRS: 9400131000001477; EMBASE: 2015828707] - PubMed
    1. Rossem C, Spigt M, Viechtbauer W, Lucas AEM, Schayck OCP, Kotz D. Effectiveness of intensive practice nurse counselling versus brief general practitioner advice, both combined with varenicline, for smoking cessation: a randomized pragmatic trial in primary care. Addiction 2017;112(12):2237‐47. - PubMed
Vidrine 2016 {published data only}
    1. Vidrine JI, Businelle MS, Reitzel LR, Cao Y, Cinciripini PM, Marcus MT, et al. Coping mediates the association of mindfulness with psychological stress, affect, and depression among smokers preparing to quit. Mindfulness 2014 [Epub ahead of print]. [CENTRAL: 1038659; CRS: 9400129000001024] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vidrine JI, Spears CA, Heppner WL, Reitzel LR, Marcus MT, Cinciripini PM, et al. Efficacy of mindfulness‐based addiction treatment (MBAT) for smoking cessation and lapse recovery: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2016;84(9):824‐38. - PMC - PubMed
Wagner 2016 {published data only}
    1. Wagner FA, Sheikhattari P, Buccheri J, Gunning M, Bleich L, Schutzman C. A community‐based participatory research on smoking cessation intervention for urban communities. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 2016;27(1):35‐50. - PMC - PubMed
Warner 2016 {published data only}
    1. Warner DO, Nolan MB, Kadimpati S, Burke MV, Hanson AC, Schroeder DR. Quitline tobacco interventions in hospitalized patients: a randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016;51(4):473‐84. - PubMed
Webb Hooper 2017 {published data only}
    1. Webb Hooper M, Antoni MH, Okuyemi K, Dietz NA, Resnicow K. Randomized controlled trial of group‐based culturally specific cognitive behavioral therapy among African American smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2017;19(3):333‐41. - PubMed
Wewers 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nemeth JM, Cooper S, Wermert A, Shoben A, Wewers ME. The relationship between type of telephone service and smoking cessation among rural smokers enrolled in quitline tobacco dependence treatment. Preventive Medicine Reports 2017;8:226‐31. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wewers ME, Shoben A, Conroy S, Curry E, Ferketich AK, Murray DM, et al. Effectiveness of two community health worker models of tobacco dependence treatment among community residents of Ohio Appalachia. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2017;19(12):1499‐507. - PMC - PubMed
Wiggers 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wiggers LC, Oort FJ, Dijkstra A, Haes JC, Legemate DA, Smets EM. Cognitive changes in cardiovascular patients following a tailored behavioral smoking cessation intervention. Preventive Medicine 2005;40(6):812‐21. - PubMed
    1. Wiggers LC, Oort FJ, Peters RJ, Legemate DA, Haes HC, Smets EM. Smoking cessation may not improve quality of life in atherosclerotic patients. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8(4):581‐9. - PubMed
    1. Wiggers LC, Smets EM, Oort FJ, Peters RJ, Storm‐Versloot MN, Vermeulen H, et al. The effect of a minimal intervention strategy in addition to nicotine replacement therapy to support smoking cessation in cardiovascular outpatients: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2006;13(6):931‐7. - PubMed
    1. Wiggers LC, Smets EM, Oort FJ, Storm‐Versloot MN, Vermeulen H, Loenen LB, et al. Adherence to nicotine replacement patch therapy in cardiovascular patients. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2006;13(1):79‐88. - PubMed
Williams 2010 {published data only}
    1. Williams JM, Steinberg ML, Zimmermann MH, Gandhi KK, Stipelman B, Budsock PD, et al. Comparison of two intensities of tobacco dependence counseling in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2010;38(4):384‐93. - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wu D, Ma GX, Zhou K, Zhou D, Liu A, Poon AN. The effect of a culturally tailored smoking cessation for Chinese American smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(12):1448‐57. - PMC - PubMed
Yalcin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Yalcin BM, Unal M, Pirdal H, Karahan TF. Effects of an anger management and stress control program on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 2014;27(5):645‐60. [CENTRAL: 1014527; CRS: 9400129000003402] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Asfar 2010 {unpublished data only}
    1. Asfar T, Klesges RC, Sanford SD, Sherrill‐Mittleman D, Robison LL, Hudson MM, et al. Trial design: the St Jude Children's Research Hospital Cancer Survivors Tobacco Quit Line study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010;31(1):82‐91. [CENTRAL: 742881; CRS: 9400123000005579; PUBMED: 19766734] - PMC - PubMed
Bastian 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bastian LA, Fish LJ, Peterson BL, Biddle AK, Garst J, Lyna P, et al. Assessment of the impact of adjunctive proactive telephone counseling to promote smoking cessation among lung cancer patients' social networks. American Journal of Health Promotion 2013;27(3):181‐90. [CENTRAL: 921003; CRS: 9400107000000800; PEER: Reviewed Journal: 2013‐01449‐008; PUBMED: 23286595] - PubMed
    1. Bastian LA, Fish LJ, Peterson BL, Biddle AK, Garst J, Lyna P, et al. Proactive recruitment of cancer patients' social networks into a smoking cessation trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2011;32(4):498‐504. [CENTRAL: 801365; CRS: 9400123000011889; 39796; PUBMED: 21382509] - PMC - PubMed
Batra 2010 {published data only}
    1. Batra A, Collins SE, Schröter M, Eck S, Torchalla I, Buchkremer G, et al. A cluster‐randomized effectiveness trial of smoking cessation modified for at‐risk smoker subgroups. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2010;38(2):128‐40. - PubMed
Bock 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bock BC, Becker BM, Niaura RS, Partridge R, Fava JL, Trask P. Smoking cessation among patients in an emergency chest pain observation unit: outcomes of the Chest Pain Smoking Study (CPSS). Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(10):1523‐31. - PubMed
Bonevski 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bonevski B, Twyman L, Paul C, D'Este C, West R, Siahpush M, et al. Smoking cessation intervention delivered by social service organisations for a diverse population of Australian disadvantaged smokers: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2018;112:38‐44. - PubMed
Borland 2008 {published data only}
    1. Borland R, Balmford J, Bishop N, Segan C, Piterman L, McKay‐Brown L, et al. In‐practice management versus quitline referral for enhancing smoking cessation in general practice: a cluster randomized trial. Family Practice 2008;25(5):382‐9. - PubMed
    1. McKay‐Brown L, Borland R, Balmford J, Segan CJ, Andrews C, Tasker C, et al. The challenges of recruiting and retaining GPs in research: findings from a smoking cessation project. Australian Journal of Primary Health 2007;13(1):61‐7.
Brandon 2017 {published data only}
    1. Brandon TH, Unrod M, Drobes DJ, Sutton SK, Hawk LW, Simmons VN, et al. Facilitated extinction training to improve pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: a pilot feasibility trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2017;20(10):1189‐97. - PMC - PubMed
Breland 2014 {published data only}
    1. Breland AB, Almond L, Kienzle J, Ondersma SJ, Hart AJ, Weaver M, et al. Targeting tobacco in a community‐based addiction recovery cohort: results from a computerized, brief, randomized intervention trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2014;38(1):113‐20. [CENTRAL: 994445; EMBASE: 2014317617; PUBMED: 24721481] - PubMed
Brown 2007 {published data only}
    1. Brown RA, Niaura R, Lloyd‐Richardson EE, Strong DR, Kahler CW, Abrantes AM, et al. Bupropion and cognitive‐behavioral treatment for depression in smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(7):721‐30. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Strong DR, Kahler CW, Leventhal AM, Abrantes AM, Lloyd‐Richardson E, Niaura R, et al. Impact of bupropion and cognitive‐behavioral treatment for depression on positive affect, negative affect, and urges to smoke during cessation treatment. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(10):1142‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Buchanan 2004 {published data only}
    1. Buchanan LM, Banna M, White A, Moses S, Siedlik C, Wood M. An exploratory study of multicomponent treatment intervention for tobacco dependency. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2004;36(4):324‐30. - PubMed
Carlin‐Menter 2011 {published data only}
    1. Carlin‐Menter S, Cummings KM, Celestino P, Hyland A, Mahoney MC, Willett J, et al. Does offering more support calls to smokers influence quit success?. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 2011;17(3):E9‐15. - PubMed
Chandrashekar 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chandrashekar M, Sattar FA, Bondade S, Kiran Kumar K. A comparative study of different modalities of treatment in nicotine dependence syndrome. Asian Journal of Psychiatry 2015;17:29‐35. - PubMed
Chouinard 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chouinard MC, Robichaud‐Ekstrand S. The effectiveness of a nursing inpatient smoking cessation program in individuals with cardiovascular disease. Nursing Research 2005;54(4):243‐54. - PubMed
Christenhusz 2007 {published data only}
    1. Christenhusz L, Pieterse M, Seydel E, Palen J. Prospective determinants of smoking cessation in COPD patients within a high intensity or a brief counseling intervention. Patient Education & Counseling 2007;66(2):162‐6. - PubMed
Cooney 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cooney N, Pilkey D, Steinberg H, Cooney J, Litt M, Oncken C. Ecological momentary assessment of alcohol‐tobacco interactions after concurrent alcohol‐tobacco treatment. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20‐23 March 2005; Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.
    1. Cooney N, Pilkey D, Steinberg H, Cooney J, Litt M, Oncken C. Efficacy of intensive versus brief smoking cessation treatment concurrent with intensive outpatient alcohol treatment. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 9th Annual Meeting; 2003 February 19‐22; New Orleans, Louisiana. 2003. [POS4‐62]
    1. Cooney NL, Litt MD, Cooney JL, Pilkey DT, Steinberg HR, Oncken CA. Concurrent brief versus intensive smoking intervention during alcohol dependence treatment. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2007;21(4):570‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Cooper 2004 {published data only}
    1. Cooper TV, Debon MW, Stockton M, Klesges RC, Steenbergh TA, Sherrill‐Mittleman D, et al. Correlates of adherence with transdermal nicotine. Addictive Behaviors 2004;29(8):1565‐78. - PubMed
Costello 2011 {published data only}
    1. Costello MJ, Sproule B, Victor JC, Leatherdale ST, Zawertailo L, Selby P. Effectiveness of pharmacist counseling combined with nicotine replacement therapy: a pragmatic randomized trial with 6,987 smokers. Cancer Causes and Control 2011;22(2):167‐80. - PubMed
Cropsey 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cropsey KL, Clark CB, Stevens EN, Schiavon S, Lahti AC, Hendricks PS. Predictors of medication adherence and smoking cessation among smokers under community corrections supervision. Addictive Behaviors 2017;65:111‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Cummins 2016 {published data only}
    1. Cummins SE, Gamst AC, Brandstein K, Seymann GB, Klonoff‐Cohen H, Kirby CA, et al. Helping hospitalized smokers: a factorial RCT of nicotine patches and counseling. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016;51(4):578‐86. - PMC - PubMed
Dezee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dezee KJ, Wink JS, Cowan CM. Internet versus in‐person counseling for patients taking varenicline for smoking cessation. Military Medicine 2013;178(4):401‐5. [CENTRAL: 959429; CRS: 9400130000000072; PUBMED: 23707824] - PubMed
Emmons 2013 {published data only}
    1. Moor JS, Puleo E, Ford JS, Greenberg M, Hodgson DC, Tyc VL, et al. Disseminating a smoking cessation intervention to childhood and young adult cancer survivors: baseline characteristics and study design of the partnership for health‐2 study. BMC Cancer 2011;11:165. [CENTRAL: 836717; CRS: 9400123000011658; PUBMED: 21569345] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Emmons KM, Puleo E, Sprunck‐Harrild K, Ford J, Ostroff JS, Hodgson D, et al. Partnership for health‐2, a web‐based versus print smoking cessation intervention for childhood and young adult cancer survivors: randomized comparative effectiveness study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2013;15(11):e218. [CENTRAL: 993946; CRS: 9400126000000377; PUBMED: 24195867] - PMC - PubMed
Evins 2007 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Culhane MA, Birnbaum A, Horowitz J, Hsieh E, et al. A 12‐week double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of bupropion SR added to high‐dose dual nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation or reduction in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2007;27:380‐6. - PubMed
    1. NCT00320723. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00320723 (first received 3 May 2006).
Fang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fang CY, Ma GX, Miller SM, Tan Y, Su X, Shive S. A brief smoking cessation intervention for Chinese and Korean American smokers. Preventive Medicine 2006;43(4):321‐4. - PubMed
Garvey 2012a {published data only}
    1. Garvey AJ, Hoskinson RA, Wadler BM, Wood EE, Kinnunen T, Kalman D, et al. Effects of front‐loaded vs. standard weekly counseling on 6‐month abstinence rates. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 13th Annual Meeting; 2007 February 21‐24; Austin, Texas. 2007. [POS1‐66]
    1. Garvey AJ, Kalman D, Hoskinson RA Jr, Kinnunen T, Wadler BM, Thomson CC, et al. Front‐loaded versus weekly counseling for treatment of tobacco addiction. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2012;14(5):578‐85. - PMC - PubMed
Hall 1996 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Muñoz RF, Reus VI, Sees KL, Duncan C, Humfleet GL, et al. Mood management and nicotine gum in smoking treatment ‐ a therapeutic contact and placebo‐controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64(5):1003‐9. - PubMed
Hall 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Muñoz RF, Cullen J. Extended nortriptyline and psychological treatment for cigarette smoking. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004;161(11):2100‐7. - PubMed
Hall 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Muñoz RF, Reus VI, Prochaska JJ, Robbins JA. Using extended cognitive behavioral treatment and medication to treat dependent smokers. American Journal of Public Health 2011;101(12):2349‐56. - PMC - PubMed
Hegaard 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hegaard HK, Kjaergaard H, Møller LF, Wachmann H, Ottesen B. Multimodal intervention raises smoking cessation rate during pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 2003;82(9):813‐9. - PubMed
Ingersoll 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ingersoll KS, Cropsey KL, Heckman CJ. A test of motivational plus nicotine replacement interventions for HIV positive smokers. AIDS & Behavior 2009;13(3):545‐54. - PMC - PubMed
Japuntich 2006 {published data only}
    1. Japuntich SJ, Zehner ME, Smith SS, Jorenby DE, Valdez JA, Fiore MC, et al. Smoking cessation via the internet: a randomized clinical trial of an internet intervention as adjuvant treatment in a smoking cessation intervention. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8 Suppl 1:S59‐67. - PubMed
Joseph 2004 {published data only}
    1. Joseph AM, Nelson DB, Nugent SM, Willenbring ML. Timing of alcohol and smoking cessation (TASC): smoking among substance use patients screened and enrolled in a clinical trial. Journal of Addictive Disease 2003;22(4):87‐107. - PubMed
    1. Joseph AM, Willenbring ML, Nugent SM, Nelson DB. A randomized trial of concurrent versus delayed smoking intervention for patients in alcohol dependence treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2004;65(6):681‐91. - PubMed
Joyce 2008 {published data only}
    1. Joyce GF, Niaura R, Maglione M, Mongoven J, Larson‐Rotter C, Coan J, et al. The effectiveness of covering smoking cessation services for Medicare beneficiaries. Health Services Research 2008;43(6):2106‐23. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kim SS, Kim SH, Ziedonis D. Tobacco dependence treatment for Korean Americans: preliminary findings. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 2012;14(3):395‐404. - PMC - PubMed
Kinnunen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kinnunen T, Leeman RF, Korhonen T, Quiles ZN, Terwal DM, Garvey AJ, et al. Exercise as an adjunct to nicotine gum in treating tobacco dependence among women. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2008;10(4):689‐703. - PMC - PubMed
Klesges 2015 {published data only}
    1. Berger VW. Randomization, permuted blocks, masking, allocation concealment, and selection bias in the Tobacco Quit Line study. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010;31(3):201. [CENTRAL: 863870; CRS: 9400123000018617] - PubMed
    1. Klesges RC, Krukowski RA, Klosky JL, Liu W, Srivastava DK, Boyett JM, et al. Efficacy of a tobacco quitline among adult cancer survivors. Preventive Medicine 2015;73:22‐7. [CRS: 9400131000000650; EMBASE: 2015705104; PUBMED: 25572620] - PMC - PubMed
Kotz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kotz D, Wesseling G, Huibers MJ, Kotz D, Wesseling G, Huibers MJ, et al. Efficacy of confronting smokers with airflow limitation for smoking cessation. European Respiratory Journal 2009;33:754‐62. - PubMed
    1. Kotz D, Wesseling G, Huibers MJ, Schayck OC. Efficacy of confrontational counselling for smoking cessation in smokers with previously undiagnosed mild to moderate airflow limitation: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2007;7:332. - PMC - PubMed
Levine 2010 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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