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. 2019 Jun 6;14(6):e0217079.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217079. eCollection 2019.

ZnO-NPs embedded biodegradable thiolated bandage for postoperative surgical site infection: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

Rabia Arshad  1 , Muhammad Farhan Sohail  1   2 , Hafiz Shoaib Sarwar  1   2 , Hamid Saeed  3 , Imran Ali  4 , Sohail Akhtar  5 , Syed Zajif Hussain  6 , Iqra Afzal  1 , Sarwat Jahan  7 , Anees-Ur-Rehman  1   8 , Gul Shahnaz  1
Affiliations

ZnO-NPs embedded biodegradable thiolated bandage for postoperative surgical site infection: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

Rabia Arshad et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Post-operative surgical site infections (SSI) present a serious threat and may lead to complications. Currently available dressings for SSI lack mucoadhesion, safety, efficacy and most importantly patient compliance. We aimed to address these concerns by developing a bioactive thiolated chitosan-alginate bandage embedded with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) for localized topical treatment of SSI. The FTIR, XRD, DSC and TGA of bandage confirmed the compatibility of ingredients and modifications made. The porosity, swelling index and lysozyme degradation showed good properties for wound healing and biodegradation. Moreover, in-vitro antibacterial activity showed higher bactericidal effect as compared to ZnO-NPs free bandage. In-vivo wound healing in murine model showed significant improved tissue generation and speedy wound healing as compared to positive and negative controls. Over all, thiolated bandage showed potential as an advanced therapeutic agent for treating surgical site infections, meeting the required features of an ideal surgical dressing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Physical appearance and electron microscope analysis of bandages.
(A) lyophilized CS-Alg-ZnO bandage, (B) lyophilized TCS-Alg-ZnO bandage, (C) lyophilized ZnO nanoparticles. Whereas, (D) SEM analysis of CS-Alg-ZnO bandage, (E) SEM analysis of TCS-Alg-ZnO bandage, (F) TEM analysis of ZnO nanoparticles and (G) size distribution histogram of ZnO nanoparticles.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Physicochemical compatibility analysis conducted using various techniques.
(A) FTIR of polymers, ZnO-NPs and TCS-Alg-ZnO; (B) XRD patterns of non-thiolated, thiolated bandage as well as ZnO NPs; (C) DSC of polymers, bandages and ZnO-NPs; and (D) TGA of bandages and ZnO -NPs.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Characterization of various bandages through physicochemical parameters.
(A)The porosity analysis of the TCS-Alg-ZnO, CS-Alg-ZnO and TCS-Alg bandages; (B) Lysozyme degradation profile of TCS-Alg-ZnO, CS-Alg-ZnO and TCS-Alg for 21 Days; (C) mucoadhesion study of TCS-Alg-ZnO, CS-Alg-ZnO and TCS-Alg bandages; (D), Swelling behavior of TCS-Alg-ZnO, CS-Alg-ZnO, CS-Alg and TCS-Alg bandages; (E), In vitro release of ZnO-NPs from TCS-Alg-ZnO and CS-Alg-ZnO bandages; and (F) Tensile strength of TCS-Alg-ZnO, CS-Alg-ZnO and TCS-Alg bandage. All the results are presented as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments and the significance level was considered for p < 0.05 for all statistical analysis.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Coagulation and hemostasis testing of bandages with fresh human blood.
(A) panel showing coagulation test for TCS-Alg-ZnO bandage, (B) panel showing coagulation test against CS-Alg-ZnO bandage. (C) comparison of improvement in hemostasis in the presence of TCS-Alg-ZnO as compared to CS-Alg-ZnO and TCS-Alg. The results are shown as Mean ± S.D (n = 3) and TCS-Alg-ZnO bandage with *p < 0.01 as compared to both bandages.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Antibacterial activities of bandages.
(A) inoculated agar plates; (B) agar plates having TCS-Alg-ZnO bandages; (C) Microscopic view of stained bacterial culture from incubated Petri dishes having TCS-Alg-ZnO bandages; (D) Zone of inhibitions by different bandages and control group; (E) Comparison of the zone of inhibitions by different bandages and control group (F), Cell viability (%) against different concentrations of the bandages and ZnO-NPs.
Fig 6
Fig 6. In-vivo analysis of wound healing ability of bandages.
(A) mice with induced wound and applied bandage on wound; (B) panel showing 28 days study on wound healing process in the presence of TCS-Alg-ZnO, CS-Alg-ZnO and commercial bandages; (C) graph showing speed of wound closure in terms of reduction in wound size after application of bandages; (D) Histopathological panel showing skin tissue from a wound site at various time intervals and (E). Histopathological evaluation showing skin regeneration after application of TCS-Alg-ZnO bandage at different time intervals.
Fig 7
Fig 7. Biodegradation study of thiolated bandage.
(A) mice with an applied bandage; (B) SEM image at 7 days post treatment; (C) SEM image at 14 days post treatment; (D) SEM image at 21 days post treatment and (E) SEM image at 28 days post treatment, showing structural changes in a bandage.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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