Impact of Arteriovenous Fistula on Cardiac Size and Function in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Evaluation of 5-Year Echocardiographic Outcome

Abstract

Objectives: The effect of a functioning arteriovenous fistula on cardiac function in kidney transplant recipients has not been thoroughly investigated.

Materials and methods: We retrospectively evaluated cardiac function in 99 renal transplant recipients using transthoracic echocardiography, with available follow-up at baseline and 2 and 5 years posttransplant. Patients were divided into 2 groups: a control group (n = 47) with no functioning arteriovenous fistula immediately after transplant and an arteriovenous fistula group (n = 52) with a functioning arteriovenous fistula for at least 5 years after transplant. Left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum, and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter were assessed.

Results: In our study, patients (62.6% men, 7.1% with diabetes, mean age of 55.6 ± 11.5 years), we observed no significant differences with respect to baseline left ventricular ejection fraction and interventricular septum; however, in the arteriovenous fistula group, baseline left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was marginally higher than that shown in the control group (50.6 ± 5.4 vs 48.6 ± 4.4 mm; P = .054). In multivariate analysis, functioning fistula and peripheral arterial disease were negatively associated with left ventricular ejection fraction at 5 years posttransplant, whereas baseline left ventricular ejection fraction had a minimal positive effect: B (95% confidence interval) of -2.186 (-4.312 to -0.061) (P = .044), -5.304 (-9.686 to -0.922) (P = .018), and 0.247 (0.047 to 0.446) (P = .016), respectively. Functioning fistula also emerged as associated with larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter at 2 and 5 years posttransplant: B (95% confidence interval) of 3.047 (1.470-4.625) (P < .001) and 2.122 (0.406-3.838) (P = .016), respectively.

Conclusions: Maintenance of a functioning fistula in kidney transplant recipients may be associated with adverse long-term effects on left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter.