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. 2019 Jun 12;6(6):CD012292.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012292.pub2.

Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health

Peter von Philipsborn  1 , Jan M Stratil, Jacob Burns, Laura K Busert, Lisa M Pfadenhauer, Stephanie Polus, Christina Holzapfel, Hans Hauner, Eva Rehfuess
Affiliations

Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health

Peter von Philipsborn et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Frequent consumption of excess amounts of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) is a risk factor for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and dental caries. Environmental interventions, i.e. interventions that alter the physical or social environment in which individuals make beverage choices, have been advocated as a means to reduce the consumption of SSB.

Objectives: To assess the effects of environmental interventions (excluding taxation) on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and sugar-sweetened milk, diet-related anthropometric measures and health outcomes, and on any reported unintended consequences or adverse outcomes.

Search methods: We searched 11 general, specialist and regional databases from inception to 24 January 2018. We also searched trial registers, reference lists and citations, scanned websites of relevant organisations, and contacted study authors.

Selection criteria: We included studies on interventions implemented at an environmental level, reporting effects on direct or indirect measures of SSB intake, diet-related anthropometric measures and health outcomes, or any reported adverse outcome. We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised controlled trials (NRCTs), controlled before-after (CBA) and interrupted-time-series (ITS) studies, implemented in real-world settings with a combined length of intervention and follow-up of at least 12 weeks and at least 20 individuals in each of the intervention and control groups. We excluded studies in which participants were administered SSB as part of clinical trials, and multicomponent interventions which did not report SSB-specific outcome data. We excluded studies on the taxation of SSB, as these are the subject of a separate Cochrane Review.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed the risks of bias of included studies. We classified interventions according to the NOURISHING framework, and synthesised results narratively and conducted meta-analyses for two outcomes relating to two intervention types. We assessed our confidence in the certainty of effect estimates with the GRADE framework as very low, low, moderate or high, and presented 'Summary of findings' tables.

Main results: We identified 14,488 unique records, and assessed 1030 in full text for eligibility. We found 58 studies meeting our inclusion criteria, including 22 RCTs, 3 NRCTs, 14 CBA studies, and 19 ITS studies, with a total of 1,180,096 participants. The median length of follow-up was 10 months. The studies included children, teenagers and adults, and were implemented in a variety of settings, including schools, retailing and food service establishments. We judged most studies to be at high or unclear risk of bias in at least one domain, and most studies used non-randomised designs. The studies examine a broad range of interventions, and we present results for these separately.Labelling interventions (8 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that traffic-light labelling is associated with decreasing sales of SSBs, and low-certainty evidence that nutritional rating score labelling is associated with decreasing sales of SSBs. For menu-board calorie labelling reported effects on SSB sales varied.Nutrition standards in public institutions (16 studies): We found low-certainty evidence that reduced availability of SSBs in schools is associated with decreased SSB consumption. We found very low-certainty evidence that improved availability of drinking water in schools and school fruit programmes are associated with decreased SSB consumption. Reported associations between improved availability of drinking water in schools and student body weight varied.Economic tools (7 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that price increases on SSBs are associated with decreasing SSB sales. For price discounts on low-calorie beverages reported effects on SSB sales varied.Whole food supply interventions (3 studies): Reported associations between voluntary industry initiatives to improve the whole food supply and SSB sales varied.Retail and food service interventions (7 studies): We found low-certainty evidence that healthier default beverages in children's menus in chain restaurants are associated with decreasing SSB sales, and moderate-certainty evidence that in-store promotion of healthier beverages in supermarkets is associated with decreasing SSB sales. We found very low-certainty evidence that urban planning restrictions on new fast-food restaurants and restrictions on the number of stores selling SSBs in remote communities are associated with decreasing SSB sales. Reported associations between promotion of healthier beverages in vending machines and SSB intake or sales varied.Intersectoral approaches (8 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that government food benefit programmes with restrictions on purchasing SSBs are associated with decreased SSB intake. For unrestricted food benefit programmes reported effects varied. We found moderate-certainty evidence that multicomponent community campaigns focused on SSBs are associated with decreasing SSB sales. Reported associations between trade and investment liberalisation and SSB sales varied.Home-based interventions (7 studies): We found moderate-certainty evidence that improved availability of low-calorie beverages in the home environment is associated with decreased SSB intake, and high-certainty evidence that it is associated with decreased body weight among adolescents with overweight or obesity and a high baseline consumption of SSBs.Adverse outcomes reported by studies, which may occur in some circumstances, included negative effects on revenue, compensatory SSB consumption outside school when the availability of SSBs in schools is reduced, reduced milk intake, stakeholder discontent, and increased total energy content of grocery purchases with price discounts on low-calorie beverages, among others. The certainty of evidence on adverse outcomes was low to very low for most outcomes.We analysed interventions targeting sugar-sweetened milk separately, and found low- to moderate-certainty evidence that emoticon labelling and small prizes for the selection of healthier beverages in elementary school cafeterias are associated with decreased consumption of sugar-sweetened milk. We found low-certainty evidence that improved placement of plain milk in school cafeterias is not associated with decreasing sugar-sweetened milk consumption.

Authors' conclusions: The evidence included in this review indicates that effective, scalable interventions addressing SSB consumption at a population level exist. Implementation should be accompanied by high-quality evaluations using appropriate study designs, with a particular focus on the long-term effects of approaches suitable for large-scale implementation.

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Conflict of interest statement

PvP, JMS, JB, LKB, LMP, SP: None known.

CH is a member of the scientific advisory board of 4sigma, a consultancy working primarily for health insurance companies. She has been involved in the preparation of a systematic review on Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and macronutrient intake (PROSPERO: CRD42015025738), partly funded by an institutional grant from the consumer products company Amway GmbH.

HH has received honoraria for membership on scientific advisory boards of Weight Watchers, NovoNordisk and Boehringer Ingelheim. His institution has received grants from Riemser Pharma, Amway GmbH and Certmedica, a producer of slimming products. HH has received honoraria for membership on scientific advisory boards of Nestle and Danone, providing advice on recommendations regarding the nutritional content of breakfast meals and dairy products.

ER: None known.

Figures

1
1
Physiological and psychological mechanisms linking SSB intake with adverse health outcomes.
2
2
Estimated SSB consumption by country in 2010 (an 8 oz. serving is equivalent to approximately 237 ml). Reproduced with permission from Singh 2015.
3
3
Socio‐ecological model of food and beverage intake. Adapted fromCDC 2015.
4
4
Determinants of diet‐related health outcomes and related interventions. Adapted from Swinburn 2011.
5
5
Study flow diagram.
6
6
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
7
7
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
8
8
Effect direction plot showing the direction of reported effects on direct and indirect measures of SSB intake
9
9
Analysis 1.3: Effects of reduced availability of SSB at school on SSB purchases outside school by households with school‐aged children [ml/day].
10
10
Analysis 2.1: Effects of price increase on SSBon units of SSB sold [% change, 4 to 12 months follow‐up].
11
11
Analysis 3.1: Effects of home delivery of water, milk or diet beverages on SSB intake [ml/day].
12
12
Logic model of interventions to reduce the consumption of SSB
13
13
Algorithm for the classification of study designs. Reproduced with permission from EPOC 2013a.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Reduced availability of SSB at school vs. no or minimal intervention, Outcome 1 Share of female students consuming SSB.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Reduced availability of SSB at school vs. no or minimal intervention, Outcome 2 Share of male students consuming SSB.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Reduced availability of SSB at school vs. no or minimal intervention, Outcome 3 SSB purchases outside school by households with school‐aged children [ml/day].
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Price increase on SSB vs. no intervention, Outcome 1 Units of SSB sold [% change].
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Home delivery of water, milk or diet beverages vs. no or alternative intervention, Outcome 1 SSB intake.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Home delivery of water, milk or diet beverages vs. no or alternative intervention, Outcome 2 Body weight [kg].
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Home delivery of water, milk or diet beverages vs. no or alternative intervention, Outcome 3 Waist circumference [cm].
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    1. Ni Mhurchu C, Blakely T, Funaki‐Tahifote M, McKerchar C, Wilton J, Chua S, et al. Inclusion of indigenous and ethnic minority populations in intervention trials: challenges and strategies in a New Zealand supermarket study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2009;63(10):850‐5. - PubMed
    1. Ni Mhurchu C, Blakely T, Jiang Y, Eyles HC, Rodgers A. Effects of price discounts and tailored nutrition education on supermarket purchases: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010;91(3):736‐47. - PubMed
Olsho 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Abt Associates Inc. Healthy Incentives Pilot: updated study plan. fns‐prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/study_plan.pdf 2011 (accessed 10 July 2018).
    1. Bartlett S, Klerman J, Olsho L, Logan C, Blocklin M, Beauregard M, et al. Evaluation of the Healthy Incentives Pilot (HIP): Final Report. Prepared by Abt Associates for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. mafoodsystem.org/media/resources/pdfs/PilotFinalReport.pdf (accessed 28 August 2018).
    1. Klerman JA, Bartlett S, Wilde P, Olsho L. The short‐run impact of the Healthy Incentices Pilot program on fruit and vegetable intake. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 2014;96(5):1372‐82.
    1. Olsho LE, Klerman JA, Bartlett SH, Logan CW. Rebates to incentivize healthy nutrition choices in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017;52(2 Supplement 2):S161‐70. - PubMed
    1. Olsho LE, Klerman JA, Wilde PE, Bartlett S. Financial incentives increase fruit and vegetable intake among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participants: a randomized controlled trial of the USDA Healthy Incentives Pilot. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016;104(2):423‐35. - PubMed
Peters 2016a {published data only}
    1. Peters JC, Beck J, Lande J, Pan Z, Cardel M, Ayoob K, et al. Using healthy defaults in Walt Disney World Restaurants to improve nutritional choices. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 2016;1(1):92‐103. - PMC - PubMed
Schram 2015 {published data only}
    1. Schram A, Labonte R, Baker P, Friel S, Reeves A, Stuckler D. The role of trade and investment liberalization in the sugar‐sweetened carbonated beverages market: a natural experiment contrasting Vietnam and the Philippines. Globalization and Health 2015;11(1):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Schwartz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Schwartz MB, Novak SA, Fiore SS. The impact of removing snacks of low nutritional value from middle schools. Health Education & Behavior 2009;36(6):999‐1011. - PubMed
Schwartz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Schwartz AE, Leardo M, Aneja S, Elbel B. Effect of a school‐based water intervention on child body mass index and obesity. JAMA Pediatrics 2016;170(3):220‐6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Turner L, Hager E. The power of a simple intervention to improve student health ‐ just add water. JAMA Pediatrics 2016;170(3):199‐200. - PubMed
Schwartz 2017 {published data only}
    1. Schwartz MB, Schneider GE, Choi YY, Li X, Harris J, Andreyeva T, et al. Association of a community campaign for better beverage choices with beverage purchases from supermarkets. JAMA Internal Medicine 2017;177(5):666‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Siegel 2016a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Siegel RM, Anneken A, Duffy C, Simmons K, Hudgens M, Lockhart KM, et al. Emoticon use increases plain milk and vegetable purchase in a school cafeteria without adversely affecting total milk purchase. Clinical Therapeutics 2015;37(9):1938‐43. - PubMed
    1. Siegel RM, Hudgens M, Annekin A, Simmons K, Shelly J, Bell I, et al. A two‐tiered school cafeteria intervention of emoticons and small prizes increased healthful food selection by over 300%. International Journal of Food and Nutritional Science 2016;5(3):e‐ISSN: 2320‐7876.
Siegel 2016b {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Hudgens ME, Barnes AS, Lockhart MK, Ellsworth SC, Beckford M, Siegel RM. Small prizes improve food selection in a school cafeteria without increasing waste. Clinical Pediatrics 2017;56(2):123‐6. - PubMed
    1. Siegel RM, Geoppinger R, Emerson MM, Barnes A, Shelly J, Crumpton M, et al. Small prizes to improve food selection in inner city elementary schools. Journal of Pediatrics and Child Nutrition 2016;3(2):1‐6.
Simons 2015 {published data only}
    1. Simons M, Brug J, Chinapaw MJ, Boer M, Seidell J, Vet E. Replacing non‐active video gaming by active video gaming to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents. PLoS One 2015;10(7):e0126023. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Simons M, Chinapaw MJ, Bovenkamp M, Boer MR, Seidell JC, Brug J, et al. Active video games as a tool to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents: rationale, design and methods of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14(1):275. - PMC - PubMed
Sturm 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sturm R, Hattori A. Diet and obesity in Los Angeles County 2007‐2012: is there a measurable effect of the 2008 "Fast‐Food Ban"?. Social Science & Medicine 2015;133:205‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Taillie 2015 {published data only}
    1. Taillie SL, Ng SW, Popkin BM. Can a food retailer‐based healther foods initiative improve the nutrient profile of US packaged food purchases? A case study of Walmart, 2000‐2013. Health Affairs 2015;34(11):1869‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Tate 2012 {published data only}
    1. Piernas C, Tate DF, Wang X, Popkin BM. Does diet‐beverage intake affect dietary consumption patterns? Results from the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;97(3):604‐11. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tate DF, Turner‐McGrievy G, Lyons E, Stevens J, Erickson K, Polzien K, et al. Replacing caloric beverages with water or diet beverages for weight loss in adults: main results of the Choose Healthy Options Consciously Everyday (CHOICE) randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;95(3):555‐63. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Turner‐McGrievy G, Wang X, Popkin BM, Tate DF. Tasting profile affects adoption of caloric beverage reduction in a randomized weight loss intervention. Obesity Science and Practice 2016;2(4):392‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Van de Gaar 2014 {published data only}
    1. Blanchette LM, Gaar VM, Raat H, French J, Jansen W. The development of the “Water Campaign”: combining social marketing and intervention mapping. Journal of Social Marketing 2016;6(4):318‐34.
    1. Gaar V, Jansen W, Grieken A, Borsboom G, Kremers S, Raat H. Effects of an intervention aimed at reducing the intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages in primary school children: a controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2014;11(1):98. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gaar VM, Grieken A, Jansen W, Raat H. Children's sugar‐sweetened beverages consumption: associations with family and home‐related factors, differences within ethnic groups explored. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):195. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gaar VM, Grieken A, Jansen W, Raat H. Children’s sugar‐sweetened beverages consumption: associations with family and home‐related factors, differences within ethnic groups explored. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):195. - PMC - PubMed
Visscher 2010 {published data only}
    1. Visscher TL, Hal WC, Blokdijk L, Seidell JC, Renders CM, Bemelmans WJ. Feasibility and impact of placing water coolers on sales of sugar‐sweetened beverages in Dutch secondary school canteens. Obesity Facts 2010;3(2):109‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Waehrer 2015 {published data only}
    1. Waehrer G, Deb P, Decker SL. Did the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act affect dietary intake of low‐income individuals?. Economics and Human Biology 2015;19:170‐83. - PMC - PubMed
Whatley Blum 2008 {published data only}
    1. Davee AM, Blum JE, Devore RL, Beaudoin CM, Kaley LA, Leiter JL, et al. The vending and a la carte policy intervention in Maine public high schools. Preventing Chronic Disease 2005;2:A14. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Whatley Blum JE, Davee AM, Beaudoin CM, Jenkins PL, Kaley LA, Wigand DA. Reduced availability of sugar‐sweetened beverages and diet soda has a limited impact on beverage consumption patterns in Maine high school youth. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2008;40(6):341‐7. - PubMed
Øverby 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bere E, Hilsen M, Klepp KI. Effect of the nationwide free school fruit scheme in Norway. British Journal of Nutrition 2010;104(4):589‐94. - PubMed
    1. Bere E, Klepp KI, Øverby NC. Free school fruit: can an extra piece of fruit every school day contribute to the prevention of future weight gain? A cluster randomized trial. Food and Nutrition Research 2014;58:1‐5. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bere E, Velde SJ, Småstuen MC, Twisk J, Klepp KI. One year of free school fruit in Norway ‐ 7 years of follow‐up. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2015;12(1):1‐7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bere E, Veierød MB, Bjelland M, Klepp K‐I. Free school fruit—sustained effect 1 year later. Health Education Research 2006;21(2):268‐75. - PubMed
    1. Bere E, Veierød MB, Skare Ø, Klepp KI. Free school fruit ‐ sustained effect three years later. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2007;4:1‐6. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Alaimo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Alaimo K, Oleksyk SC, Drzal NB, Golzynski DL, Lucarelli JF, Wen Y, et al. Effects of changes in lunch‐time competitive foods, nutrition practices, and nutrition policies on low‐income middle‐school children's diets. Childhood Obesity 2013;9(6):509‐23. - PubMed
Alaimo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Alaimo K, Oleksyk S, Golzynski D, Drzal N, Lucarelli J, Reznar M, et al. The Michigan Healthy School Action Tools process generates improvements in school nutrition policies and practices, and student dietary intake. Health Promotion Practice 2015;16(3):401‐10. - PubMed
Alberti 2010 {published data only}
    1. Alberti PM, Perlman SE, Nonas C, Hadler J, Choe J, Bedell F, et al. Effects of switching from whole to low‐fat/fat‐free milk in public schools ‐ New York City, 2004‐2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2010;59(3):70‐3. - PubMed
Allan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Allan JL, Johnston M, Campbell N. Snack purchasing is healthier when the cognitive demands of choice are reduced: a randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology 2015;34(7):750‐5. - PubMed
Ames 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ames SL, Wurpts IC, Pike JR, MacKinnon DP, Reynolds KR, Stacy AW. Self‐regulation interventions to reduce consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages in adolescents. Appetite 2016;105:652‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Andersen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Andersen LB, Arnberg K, Trolle E, Michaelsen KF, Bro R, Pipper CB, et al. The effects of water and dairy drinks on dietary patterns in overweight adolescents. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2016;67(3):314‐24. - PubMed
Anttila 2015 {published data only}
    1. Anttila J, Rytkönen T, Kankaanpää R, Tolvanen M, Lahti S. Effect of national recommendation on sweet selling as an intervention for a healthier school environment. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2015;43(1):27‐34. - PubMed
Anzman‐Frasca 2015 {published data only}
    1. Anzman‐Frasca S, Mueller MP, Sliwa S, Dolan PR, Harelick L, Roberts SB, et al. Changes in children's meal orders following healthy menu modifications at a regional US restaurant chain. Obesity 2015;23(5):1055‐62. - PubMed
Bacardi‐Gascon 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bacardi‐Gascon M, Perez‐Morales ME, Jimenez‐Cruz A. A six month randomized school intervention and an 18‐month follow‐up intervention to prevent childhood obesity in Mexican elementary schools. Nutricion Hospitalaria 2012;27(3):755‐62. - PubMed
Bae 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bae SG, Kim JY, Kim KY, Park SW, Bae J, Lee WK. Changes in dietary behavior among adolescents and their association with government nutrition policies in Korea, 2005‐2009. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 2012;45(1):47‐59. - PMC - PubMed
Baidal 2017 {published data only}
    1. Baidal JW, Nelson C, Perkins M, Colchamiro R, Leung‐Strle P, Kwass JA, et al. Childhood obesity prevention in WIC: outcomes of the MA‐CORD study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2017;65:S196.
Baranowski 2000 {published data only}
    1. Baranowski T, Davis M, Resnicow K, Baranowski J, Doyle C, Lin LS, et al. Gimme 5 fruit, juice, and vegetables for fun and health: outcome evaluation. Health Education and Behavior 2000;27(1):96‐111. - PubMed
Baranowski 2003 {published data only}
    1. Baranowski T, Baranowski JC, Cullen KW, Thompson DI, Nicklas T, Zakeri IF, et al. The Fun, Food, and Fitness Project (FFFP): the Baylor GEMS pilot study. Ethnicity and Disease 2003;13(1):S1 30‐9. - PubMed
Barlow 2017 {published data only}
    1. Barlow P, McKee M, Basu S, Stuckler D. Impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on high‐fructose corn syrup supply in Canada: a natural experiment using synthetic control methods. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2017;189(26):E881‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Barlow 2018 {published data only}
    1. Barlow P, McKee M, Stuckler D. The Impact of U.S. Free Trade Agreements on calorie availability and obesity: a natural experiment in Canada. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018;54(5):637‐43. - PMC - PubMed
Barr 2000 {published data only}
    1. Barr SI, McCarron DA, Heaney RP, Dawson‐Hughes B, Berga SL, Stern J, et al. Effects of increased consumption of fluid milk on energy and nutrient intake, body weight, and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy older adults. Journal of The American Dietetic Association 2000;100(7):810‐7. - PubMed
Bayer 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bayer O, Kries R, Strauss A, Mitschek C, Toschke AM, Hose A, et al. Short‐ and mid‐term effects of a setting based prevention program to reduce obesity risk factors in children: a cluster‐randomized trial. Clinical Nutrition 2009;28(2):122‐8. - PubMed
Beck 2017 {published data only}
    1. Beck AL, Fernandez A, Rojina J, Cabana M. Randomized controlled trial of a clinic‐based intervention to promote healthy beverage consumption among latino children. Clinical Pediatrics 2017;56(9):838‐44. - PMC - PubMed
Beets 2014 {published data only}
    1. Beets MW, Tilley F, Weaver RG, Turner‐McGrievy GM, Moore JB. Increasing fruit, vegetable and water consumption in summer day camps‐‐3‐year findings of the healthy lunchbox challenge. Health Education Research 2014;29(5):812‐21. - PMC - PubMed
Beets 2016 {published data only}
    1. Beets MW, Turner‐McGrievy B, Weaver RG, Huberty J, Moore JB, Ward DS, et al. Intervention leads to improvements in the nutrient profile of snacks served in afterschool programs: a group randomized controlled trial. Translational Behavioral Medicine 2016;6(3):329‐38. - PMC - PubMed
Beinert 2017 {published data only}
    1. Beinert C, Hernes S, Haugen M, Overby NC. No long‐term effect of a 2‐days intervention on how to prepare homemade food, on toddlers' skepticism for new food and intake of fruits and vegetables and sweet beverages: a randomized, controlled trial. BMC Research Notes 2017;10(1):607. - PMC - PubMed
Bender 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bender MS, Clark MJ, Gahagan S. Community engagement approach: developing a culturally appropriate intervention for Hispanic mother‐child dyads. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 2014;25(4):373‐82. - PMC - PubMed
Bender 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bender MS, Santos GM, Villanueva C, Arai S. Development of a mobile phone‐based weight loss lifestyle intervention for Filipino Americans with type 2 diabetes: Protocol and early results from the PilAm Go4Health randomized controlled trial. JMIR Research Protocols 2016;5(3):e178. - PMC - PubMed
Bergen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Bergen D, Yeh MC. Effects of energy‐content labels and motivational posters on sales of sugar‐sweetened beverages: stimulating sales of diet drinks among adults study. Journal of The American Dietetic Association 2006;106(11):1866‐9. - PubMed
Bjelland 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bjelland M, Bergh IH, Grydeland M, Klepp KII, Andersen LF, Anderssen SA, et al. Changes in adolescents' intake of sugar‐sweetened beverages and sedentary behaviour: results at 8 month mid‐way assessment of the HEIA study‐‐a comprehensive, multi‐component school‐based randomized trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011;8:63. - PMC - PubMed
Bleich 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bleich SN, Herring BJ, Flagg DD, Gary‐Webb TL. Reduction in purchases of sugar‐sweetened beverages among low‐income black adolescents after exposure to caloric information. American Journal of Public Health 2012;102(2):329‐35. - PMC - PubMed
Bleich 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Bleich SN, Barry CL, Gary‐Webb TL, Herring BJ. Reducing sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption by providing caloric information: How black adolescents alter their purchases and whether the effects persist. American Journal of Public Health 2014;104(12):2417‐24. - PMC - PubMed
Bleich 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bleich SN, Wolfson JA, Jarlenski MP. Calorie changes in large chain restaurants from 2008 to 2015. Preventive Medicine 2017;100:112‐6. - PubMed
Block 2010 {published data only}
    1. Block JP, Chandra A, McManus KD, Willett WC. Point‐of‐purchase price and education intervention to reduce consumption of sugary soft drinks. American Journal of Public Health 2010;100(8):1427‐33. - PMC - PubMed
Bogart 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bogart LM, Elliott MN, Uyeda K, Hawes‐Dawson J, Klein DJ, Schuster MA. Preliminary healthy eating outcomes of SNaX, a pilot community‐based intervention for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 2011;48(2):196‐202. - PMC - PubMed
Boone‐Heinonen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Boone‐Heinonen J, Gordon‐Larsen P, Kiefe CI, Shikany JM, Lewis CE, Popkin BM. Fast food restaurants and food stores ‐ Longitudinal associations with diet in young to middle‐aged adults: the CARDIA study. Archives of Internal Medicine 2011;171(13):1162‐70. - PMC - PubMed
Brandstetter 2012 {published data only}
    1. Brandstetter S, Klenk J, Berg S, Galm C, Fritz M, Peter R, et al. Overweight prevention implemented by primary school teachers: a randomised controlled trial. Obesity Facts 2012;5(1):1‐11. - PubMed
Branscum 2013 {published data only}
    1. Branscum P, Sharma M, Wang LL, Wilson BR, Rojas‐Guyler L, Leigh Wang L, et al. A true challenge for any superhero: an evaluation of a comic book obesity prevention program. Family & Community Health 2013;36(1):63‐76. - PubMed
Brown 2009 {published data only}
    1. Brown DM, Tammineni SK. Managing sales of beverages in schools to preserve profits and improve children's nutrition intake in 15 Mississippi schools. Journal of The American Dietetic Association 2009;109(12):2036‐42. - PubMed
Bruerd 1996 {published data only}
    1. Bruerd B, Jones C. Preventing baby bottle tooth decay: eight‐year results. Public Health Reports 1996;111(1):63‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Brunello 2014 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Brunello G, Paola M, Labartino G. More apples fewer chips? The effect of school fruit schemes on the consumption of junk food. Health Policy 2014;118(1):114‐26. - PubMed
Bruun 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bruun JM, Maersk M, Belza A, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Consumption of sucrose‐sweetened soft drinks increases plasma levels of uric acid in overweight and obese subjects: a 6‐month randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015;69(8):949‐53. - PubMed
Bryden 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bryden A, Petticrew M, Mays N, Eastmure E, Knai C. Voluntary agreements between government and business—A scoping review of the literature with specific reference to the Public Health Responsibility Deal. Health Policy 2013;110(2–3):186‐97. - PubMed
Burrows 2012 {published data only}
    1. Burrows T, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Callister R, Okely T, Bray J, et al. Dietary outcomes of the healthy dads healthy kids randomised controlled trial. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2012;55(4):408‐11. - PubMed
Butler 2011 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Butler R, Tapsell L, Lyons‐Wall P. Trends in purchasing patterns of sugar‐sweetened water‐based beverages in a remote Aboriginal community store following the implementation of a community‐developed store nutrition policy. Nutrition and Dietetics 2011;68(2):115‐9.
Caljouw 2014 {published data only}
    1. Caljouw SR, Wijck R. Is the glass half full or half empty? How to reverse the effect of glass elongation on the volume poured. PLoS One 2014;9(10):e109374. - PMC - PubMed
Campbell 2013 {published data only}
    1. Campbell KJ, Lioret S, McNaughton SA, Crawford DA, Salmon J, Ball K, et al. A parent‐focused intervention to reduce infant obesity risk behaviors: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2013;131(4):652‐60. - PubMed
Campos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Campos V, Despland C, Brandejsky V, Kreis R, Schneiter P, Chiolero A, et al. Sugar‐ and artificially sweetened beverages and intrahepatic fat: a randomized controlled trial. Obesity 2015;23:2335‐9. - PubMed
Campos 2017 {published data only}
    1. Campos V, Despland C, Brandejsky V, Kreis R, Schneiter P, Boesch C, et al. Metabolic effects of replacing sugar‐sweetened beverages with artificially‐sweetened beverages in overweight subjects with or without hepatic steatosis: a randomized control clinical trial. Nutrients 2017;9(3):1‐17. - PMC - PubMed
Carriedo 2013 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Carriedo A, Bonvecchio A, Lopez N, Morales M, Mena C, Theodore FL, et al. Use of social marketing to increase water consumption among school‐age children in Mexico City. Salud Publica de Mexico 2013;55:S388‐96. - PubMed
Casazza 2006 {published data only}
    1. Casazza K. nts. A Computer Based Approach to Improve the Dietary and Physical Activity Patterns of a Diverse Group of Adolesce [Dissertation. Miami: Florida International University, 2006.
Chen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chen L, Appel LJ, Loria C, Lin Pao‐Hwa H, Champagne CM, Elmer PJ, et al. Reduction in consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages is associated with weight loss: The PREMIER trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009;89(5):1299‐306. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chen L, Caballero B, Mitchell DC, Loria C, Lin Pao‐Hwa H, Champagne CM, et al. Reducing consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages is associated with reduced blood pressure a prospective study among United States adults. Circulation 2010;121(22):2398‐406. - PMC - PubMed
Chi 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chi DL, Zegarra G, Vasquez HE, Castillo JL, Milgrom P, Roberts MC, et al. Milk sweetened with xylitol: a proof‐of‐principle caries prevention randomized clinical trial. Journal of Centistry for Children 2016;83(3):152‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Chin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chin A, Paw MJ, Singh AS, Brug J, Mechelen W. Why did soft drink consumption decrease but screen time not? Mediating mechanisms in a school‐based obesity prevention program. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2008;5:41. - PMC - PubMed
Choi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Choi SK, Frongillo EA, Blake CE, Thrasher JF. Korean adolescents' energy intake of selected foods by eating place from 1998 to 2012 during implementation of two national school nutrition policies. Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition 2017 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2017.1337534] - DOI
Cloutier 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cloutier MM, Wiley J, Huedo‐Medina T, Ohannessian M, Grant A, Hernandez D, et al. Outcomes from a pediatric primary care weight management program: Steps to Growing Up Healthy. Journal of Pediatrics 2015;167(2):372‐7.e1. - PubMed
Collins 2014 {published data only}
    1. Collins CE, Dewar DL, Schumacher TL, Finn T, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR. 12 Month changes in dietary intake of adolescent girls attending schools in low‐income communities following the NEAT Girls cluster randomized controlled trial. Appetite 2014;73:147‐55. - PubMed
Cordeira 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cordeira KL. Effects of a Health Advocacy Program to Promote Physical Activity and Nutrition Behaviors among Adolescents: an Evaluation of the Young Leaders for Healthy Change Program [Masters Thesis]. Houston, Texas: University of Texas, 2012.
Cox 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cox CL, Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Graham JL, Hatcher B, Griffen SC, et al. Consumption of fructose‐sweetened beverages for 10 weeks reduces net fat oxidation and energy expenditure in overweight/obese men and women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012;66(2):201‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Cullen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cullen KW, Watson K, Zakeri I, Ralston K. Exploring changes in middle‐school student lunch consumption after local school food service policy modifications. Public Health Nutrition 2006;9(6):814‐20. - PubMed
Cullen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cullen KW, Watson K, Zakeri I. Improvements in middle school student dietary intake after implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy. American Journal of Public Health 2008;98(1):111‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Cummins 2014 {published data only}
    1. Cummins S, Flint E, Matthews SA. New neighborhood grocery store increased awareness of food access but did not alter dietary habits or obesity. Health Affairs 2014;33(2):283‐91. - PMC - PubMed
Cunha 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cunha DB, Souza B, Pereira RA, Sichieri R. Effectiveness of a randomized school‐based intervention involving families and teachers to prevent excessive weight gain among adolescents in Brazil. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e57498. - PMC - PubMed
Daniels 2014 {published data only}
    1. Daniels LA, Mallan KM, Battistutta D, Nicholson JM, Meedeniya JE, Bayer JK, et al. Child eating behavior outcomes of an early feeding intervention to reduce risk indicators for child obesity: the NOURISH RCT. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014;22(5):E104‐11. - PubMed
Dannefer 2012 {published data only}
    1. Dannefer R, Williams DA, Baronberg S, Silver L. Healthy bodegas: increasing and promoting healthy foods at corner stores in New York City. American Journal of Public Health 2012;102(10):e27‐31. - PMC - PubMed
Davis 2007 {published data only}
    1. Davis JN, Ventura EE, Alexander KE, Salguero LE, Weigensberg MJ, Crespo NC, et al. Feasibility of a home‐based versus classroom‐based nutrition intervention to reduce obesity and type 2 diabetes in Latino youth. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2007;2(1):22‐30. - PubMed
De Bourdeaudhuij 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bourdeaudhuij I, Verbestel V, Henauw S, Maes L, Huybrechts I, Marild S, et al. Behavioural effects of a community‐oriented setting‐based intervention for prevention of childhood obesity in eight European countries. Main results from the IDEFICS study. Obesity Reviews 2015;16:30‐40. - PubMed
Delpier 2013 {published data only}
    1. Delpier T, Giordana S, Wedin BM. Decreasing sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption in the rural adolescent population. Journal of Pediatric Health Care 2013;27(6):470‐8. - PubMed
De Moraes 2017 {published data only}
    1. Moraes MM, Mediano MF, Souza RA, Moura AS, Veiga GV, Sichieri R. Discouraging soft drink consumption reduces blood glucose and cholesterol of Brazilian elementary students: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2017 July; Vol. 100:223‐8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.035] - DOI - PubMed
Dennis 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Comber DL, Flack KD, Savla J, Davy KP, et al. Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle‐aged and older adults. Obesity 2010;18(2):300‐7. - PMC - PubMed
De Ruyter 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Katan MB. A trial of sugar‐free or sugar‐sweetened beverages and body weight in children. New England Journal of Medicine 2014;367(15):1397‐406. - PubMed
De Souza 2013 {published data only}
    1. Souza RA, Mediano MF, Souza AM, Sichieri R. Reducing the use of sugar in public schools: a randomized cluster trial. Revista de Saude Publica 2013;47(4):666‐74. - PubMed
Donnelly 2018 {published data only}
    1. Donnelly GE, Zatz LY, Svirsky D, John LK. The effect of graphic warnings on sugary‐drink purchasing. Psychological Science 2018; Vol. 29, issue 8:1321‐33. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797618766361] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Doymaz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Doymaz S, Neuspiel DR. The influence of pediatric resident counseling on limiting sugar‐sweetened drinks in children. Clinical Pediatrics 2009;48(7):777‐9. - PubMed
Drewnowski 2017 {published data only}
    1. Drewnowski A, Michels S, Leroy D. The impact of crunchy wednesdays on happy meal fruit orders: analysis of sales data in France, 2009–2013. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2017;49(3):236‐40.e1. - PubMed
Dubuy 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dubuy V, Cocker K, Bourdeaudhuij I, Maes L, Seghers J, Lefevre J, et al. Evaluation of a real world intervention using professional football players to promote a healthy diet and physical activity in children and adolescents from a lower socio‐economic background: a controlled pretest‐posttest design. BMC Public Health 2014;14:457. - PMC - PubMed
Duncan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Duncan S, McPhee JC, Schluter PJ, Zinn C, Smith R, Schofield G. Efficacy of a compulsory homework programme for increasing physical activity and healthy eating in children: the healthy homework pilot study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011;8:1‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Elbel 2009 {published data only}
    1. Elbel B, Kersh R, Brescoll VL, Dixon LB. Calorie labeling and food choices: a first look at the effects on low‐income people in New York City. Health Affairs 2009;28(6):w1110‐21. - PubMed
Elbel 2011 {published data only}
    1. Elbel B, Gyamfi J, Kersh R. Child and adolescent fast‐food choice and the influence of calorie labeling: a natural experiment. International Journal of Obesity 2011;35(4):493‐500. - PMC - PubMed
Elbel 2015b {published data only}
    1. Elbel B, Moran A, Dixon LB, Kiszko K, Cantor J, Abrams C, et al. Assessment of a government‐subsidized supermarket in a high‐need area on household food availability and children's dietary intakes. Public Health Nutrition 2015;18(15):2881‐90. - PMC - PubMed
Elder 2014 {published data only}
    1. Elder JP, Holub CK, Arredondo EM, Sanchez‐Romero LM, Moreno‐Saracho JE, Barquera S, et al. Promotion of water consumption in elementary school children in San Diego, USA and Tlaltizapan, Mexico. Salud Publica de Mexico 2014;56:s148‐56. - PubMed
Ezendam 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ezendam NP, Oenema A, Looij‐Jansen PM, Brug J. Design and evaluation protocol of "FATaintPHAT", a computer‐tailored intervention to prevent excessive weight gain in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2007;7:324. - PMC - PubMed
Ezendam 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ezendam NP, Brug J, Oenema A. Evaluation of the web‐based computer‐tailored FATaintPHAT intervention to promote energy balance among adolescents: results from a school cluster randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2012;166(3):248‐55. - PubMed
Ferguson 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Ferguson M, O'Dea K, Holden S, Miles E, Brimblecombe J. Food and beverage price discounts to improve health in remote Aboriginal communities: mixed method evaluation of a natural experiment. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2016;41(1):32‐7. - PubMed
Fernandes 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fernandes PS, Bernardo CO, Campos RM, Vasconcelos FA. Evaluating the effect of nutritional education on the prevalence of overweight/obesity and on foods eaten at primary schools. Journal of Pediatrics (Rio de Janeiro) 2009;85(4):315‐21. - PubMed
Fernandes 2012 {published data only}
    1. Fernandes MM. Effect of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program SNAP on frequency of beverage consumption among youth in the United States. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2012;112(8):1241‐6. - PubMed
Fiechtner 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fiechtner L, Kleinman K, Melly SJ, Sharifi M, Marshall R, Block J, et al. Effects of proximity to supermarkets on a randomized trial studying interventions for obesity. American Journal of Public Health 2016;106(3):557‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Folta 2013 {published data only}
    1. Folta SC, Kuder JF, Goldberg JP, Hyatt RR, Must A, Naumova EN, et al. Changes in diet and physical activity resulting from the shape up Somerville community intervention. BMC Pediatrics 2013;13(1):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Foster 2010 {published data only}
    1. Foster GD, Linder B, Baranowski T, Cooper DM, Goldberg L, Harrell JS, et al. A school‐based intervention for diabetes risk reduction. New England Journal of Medicine 2010;363(5):443‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Franks 2017 {published data only}
    1. Franks B, Lahlou S, Bottin JH, Guelinckx I, Boesen‐Mariani S. Increasing water intake in pre‐school children with unhealthy drinking habits: a year‐long controlled longitudinal field experiment assessing the impact of information, water affordance, and social regulation. Appetite 2017;116:205‐14. - PubMed
French 2011 {published data only}
    1. French SA, Gerlach AF, Mitchell NR, Hannan PJ, Welsh EM. Household obesity prevention: Take action ‐ a group‐randomized trial. Obesity 2011;19(10):2082‐8. - PMC - PubMed
French 2015 {published data only}
    1. French SA, Sherwood NE, JaKa MM, Haapala JL, Ebbeling CB, Ludwig DS. Physical changes in the home environment to reduce television viewing and sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption among 5‐to 12‐year‐old children: a randomized pilot study. Pediatric Obesity 2015;11(5):e12‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Fung 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fung C, McIsaac JL, Kuhle S, Kirk S F, Veugelers PJ. The impact of a population‐level school food and nutrition policy on dietary intake and body weights of Canadian children. Preventive Medicine 2013;57(6):934‐40. - PMC - PubMed
Garipagaoglu 2009 {published data only}
    1. Garipagaoglu M, Sahip Y, Darendeliler F, Akdikmen O, Kopuz S, Sut N. Family‐based group treatment versus individual treatment in the management of childhood obesity: randomized, prospective clinical trial. European Journal of Pediatrics 2009;168(9):1091‐9. - PubMed
Geliebter 2013 {published data only}
    1. Geliebter A, Ang I, Bernales‐Korins M, Hernandez D, Ochner CN, Ungredda T, et al. Supermarket discounts of low‐energy density foods: Effects on purchasing, food intake, and body weight. Obesity 2013;21(12):E542‐8. - PubMed
Giles 2012 {published data only}
    1. Giles CM, Kenney EL, Gortmaker SL, Lee RM, Thayer JC, Mont‐Ferguson H, et al. Increasing water availability during afterschool snack: evidence, strategies, and partnerships from a group randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012;43(3, Supplement 2):S136‐42. - PubMed
Gittelsohn 2010a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Gittelsohn J, Vijayadeva V, Davison N, Ramirez V, Cheung LW, Murphy S, et al. A food store intervention trial improves caregiver psychosocial factors and children's dietary intake in Hawaii. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010;18:S84‐90. - PubMed
Gittelsohn 2010b {published data only}
    1. Gittelsohn J, Song HJ, Suratkar S, Kumar MB, Henry EG, Sharma S, et al. An urban food store intervention positively affects food‐related psychosocial variables and food behaviors. Health Education and Behavior 2010;37(3):390‐402. - PubMed
Gittelsohn 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gittelsohn J, Kim EM, He S, Pardilla M. A food store‐based environmental intervention is associated with reduced BMI and improved psychosocial factors and food‐related behaviors on the Navajo nation. Journal of Nutrition 2013;143(9):1494‐500. - PMC - PubMed
Goldberg 2015 {published data only}
    1. Goldberg JP, Folta SC, Eliasziw M, Koch‐Weser S, Economos CD, Hubbard KL, et al. Great Taste, Less Waste: a cluster‐randomized trial using a communications campaign to improve the quality of foods brought from home to school by elementary school children. Preventive Medicine 2015;74:103‐10. - PMC - PubMed
Gomez 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gomez P, Mariani SB, Lambert JL, Monrozier R. A water intervention program to improve fluid intakes among French women. Nutrition Today 2013;48(4):S40‐2.
Gostin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gostin LO, Reeve BH, Ashe M. The historic role of boards of health in local innovation: New York City's soda portion case. JAMA 2014;312(15):1511‐2. - PubMed
Goto 2013 {published data only}
    1. Goto K, Waite A, Wolff C, Chan K, Giovanni M. Do environmental interventions impact elementary school students' lunchtime milk selection?. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 2013;35(2):360‐76.
Greece 2017 {published data only}
    1. Greece JA, Feld S, DeJong W, Cozier YC, Quatromoni PA. Effects of a school‐based intervention on middle school children's daily food and beverage intake. Health Behavior and Policy Review 2017;4(1):24‐36.
Griffin 2015 {published data only}
    1. Griffin TL, Jackson DM, McNeill G, Aucott LS, Macdiarmid JI. A brief educational intervention increases knowledge of the sugar content of foods and drinks but does not decrease intakes in scottish children aged 10‐12 years. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2015;47(4):367‐73.e1. - PubMed
Haddock 2014 {published data only}
    1. Haddock CK, Poston WS, Lagrotte C, Klotz AA, Oliver TL, Vander Veur SS, et al. Findings from an online behavioural weight management programme provided with or without a fortified diet beverage. British Journal of Nutrition 2014;111(2):372‐9. - PubMed
Haerens 2007 {published data only}
    1. Haerens L, Bourdeaudhuij I, Maes L, Vereecken C, Brug J, Deforche B. The effects of a middle‐school healthy eating intervention or adolescents' fat and fruit intake and soft drinks consumption. Public Health Nutrition 2007;10(5):443‐9. - PubMed
    1. Haerens L, Deforche B, Maes L, Cardon G, Stevens V, Bourdeaudhuij I. Evaluation of a 2‐year physical activity and healthy eating intervention in middle school children. Health Education Research 2006;21(6):911‐21. - PubMed
Hanks 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hanks AS, Just DR, Wansink B. Chocolate milk consequences: a pilot study evaluating the consequences of banning chocolate milk in school cafeterias. PLoS One 2014;9(4):e91022. - PMC - PubMed
Han‐Markey 2012 {published data only}
    1. Han‐Markey TL, Wang L, Schlotterbeck S, Jackson EA, Gurm R, Leidal A, et al. A public school district's vending machine policy and changes over a 4‐year period: implementation of a national wellness policy. Public Health 2012;126(4):335‐7. - PubMed
Hebden 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hebden L, Cook A, Ploeg HP, King L, Bauman A, Allman‐Farinelli M. A mobile health intervention for weight management among young adults: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2014;27(4):322‐32. - PubMed
Hedrick 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hedrick VE, Davy BM, Myers EA, You W, Zoellner JM. Changes in the healthy beverage index in response to an intervention targeting a reduction in sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption as compared to an intervention targeting improvements in physical activity: results from the Talking Health trial. Nutrients 2015;7(12):10168‐78. - PMC - PubMed
Hodgson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hodgson JM, Croft KD, Woodman RJ, Puddey IB, Fuchs D, Draijer R, et al. Black tea lowers the rate of blood pressure variation: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;97(5):943‐50. - PubMed
Hoeft 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hoeft KS, Barker JC, Shiboski S, Pantoja‐Guzman E, Hiatt RA. Effectiveness evaluation of Contra Caries Oral Health Education Program for improving Spanish‐speaking parents' preventive oral health knowledge and behaviors for their young children. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 2016;44(6):564‐76. - PMC - PubMed
Holmes 2012 {published data only}
    1. Holmes AS, Estabrooks PA, Davis GC, Serrano EL. Effect of a grocery store intervention on sales of nutritious foods to youth and their families. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 2012;112(6):897‐901. - PubMed
Hoppu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hoppu U, Lehtisalo J, Kujala J, Keso T, Garam S, Tapanainen H, et al. The diet of adolescents can be improved by school intervention. Public Health Nutrition 2010;13(6):973‐9. - PubMed
Iaia 2017 {published data only}
    1. Iaia M, Pasini M, Burnazzi A, Vitali P, Allara E, Farneti M. An educational intervention to promote healthy lifestyles in preschool children: a cluster‐RCT. International Journal of Obesity 2017;41(4):582‐90. - PubMed
James 2004 {published data only}
    1. James J, Thomas P, Cavan D, Kerr D. Preventing childhood obesity by reducing consumption of carbonated drinks: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004;328(7450):1237. - PMC - PubMed
Jancey 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jancey JM, Dos Remedios Monteiro SM, Dhaliwal SS, Howat PA, Burns S, Hills AP, et al. Dietary outcomes of a community based intervention for mothers of young children: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2014;11:120. - PMC - PubMed
Jensen 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jensen CD, Sato AF, McMurtry CM, Hart CN, Jelalian E. School nutrition policy: an evaluation of the Rhode Island healthier beverages policy in schools. Infant, Child, and Adolescent Nutrition 2012;4(5):276‐82.
John 2017 {published data only}
    1. John LK, Donnelly GE, Roberto CA. Psychologically informed implementations of sugary‐drink portion limits. Psychological Science 2017;28(5):620‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Jones 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jones J, Wyse R, Finch M, Lecathelinais C, Wiggers J, Marshall J, et al. Effectiveness of an intervention to facilitate the implementation of healthy eating and physical activity policies and practices in childcare services: A randomised controlled trial. Implementation Science 2015;10(1):1‐16. - PMC - PubMed
Jones 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jones A, Magnusson R, Swinburn B, Webster J, Wood A, Sacks G, et al. Designing a healthy food partnership: lessons from the Australian food and health dialogue. BMC Public Health 2016;16:651. - PMC - PubMed
Jue 2012 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Jue JJ, Press MJ, McDonald D, Volpp KG, Asch DA, Mitra N, et al. The impact of price discounts and calorie messaging on beverage consumption: A multi‐site field study. Preventive Medicine 2012;55(6):629‐33. - PubMed
Kansagra 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kansagra SM, Kennelly MO, Nonas CA, Curtis CJ, Van WG, Goodman A, et al. Reducing sugary drink consumption: New York City's approach. American Journal of Public Health 2015;105(4):e61‐4. - PMC - PubMed
Keast 2015 {published data only}
    1. Keast RS, Swinburn BA, Sayompark D, Whitelock S, Riddell LJ. Caffeine increases sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption in a free‐living population: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition 2015;113(2):366‐71. - PMC - PubMed
Keita 2014 {published data only}
    1. Keita AD, Risica PM, Drenner KL, Adams I, Gorham G, Gans KM. Feasibility and acceptability of an early childhood obesity prevention intervention: results from the healthy homes, healthy families pilot study. Journal of Obesity 2014;2014:378501. - PMC - PubMed
Keller 2016 {published data only}
    1. Keller J, Kahlhofer J, Peter A, Bosy‐Westphal A. Effects of low versus high glycemic index sugar‐sweetened beverages on postprandial vasodilatation and inactivity‐induced impairment of glucose metabolism in healthy men. Nutrients 2016;8(12):1‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Kenney 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kenney EL, Gortmaker SL, Carter JE, Howe MC, Reiner JF, Cradock AL. Grab a cup, fill it up! an intervention to promote the convenience of drinking water and increase student water consumption during school lunch. American Journal of Public Health 2015;105(9):1777‐83. - PMC - PubMed
Kerr 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kerr DA, Harray AJ, Pollard CM, Dhaliwal SS, Delp EJ, Howat PA, et al. The connecting health and technology study: a 6‐month randomized controlled trial to improve nutrition behaviours using a mobile food record and text messaging support in young adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2016;13(1):1‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Kim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kim K, Park SM, Oh KW. The impact of nutritional policy on socioeconomic disparity in the unhealthy food intake among Korean adolescents. Appetite 2013;71:388‐95. - PubMed
Kipping 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kipping RR, Howe LD, Jago R, Campbell R, Wells S, Chittleborough CR, et al. Effect of intervention aimed at increasing physical activity, reducing sedentary behaviour, and increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in children: Active for Life Year 5 (AFLY5) school based cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2014;348:g3256. - PMC - PubMed
Klerman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Klerman JA, Bartlett S, Wilde P, Olsho L. The short‐run impact of the Healthy Incentives Pilot Program on fruit and vegetable intake. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 2014;96(5):1372‐82.
Klesges 2010 {published data only}
    1. Klesges RC, Obarzanek E, Kumanyika S, Murray DM, Klesges LM, Relyea GE, et al. The Memphis Girls' health Enrichment Multi‐site Studies (GEMS): an evaluation of the efficacy of a 2‐year obesity prevention program in African American girls. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2010;164(11):1007‐14. - PMC - PubMed
Klohe‐Lehman 2007 {published data only}
    1. Klohe‐Lehman M, Freeland‐Graves J, Clarke KK, Cai G, Voruganti VS, Milani T, et al. Low‐income, overweight and obese mothers as agents of change to improve food choices, fat habits, and physical activity in their 1‐to‐3‐year‐old children. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 2007;26(3):196‐208. - PubMed
Kobel 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kobel S, Wirt T, Schreiber A, Kesztyus D, Kettner S, Erkelenz N, et al. Intervention effects of a school‐based health promotion programme on obesity related behavioural outcomes. Journal of Obesity 2014;2014(476230):1‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Kobel 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kobel S, Lammle C, Wartha O, Kesztyus D, Wirt T, Steinacker JM. Effects of a randomised controlled school‐based health promotion intervention on obesity related behavioural outcomes of children with migration background. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 2016;19(2):254‐62. - PMC - PubMed
Kocken 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kocken PL, Eeuwijk J, Kesteren NM, Dusseldorp E, Buijs G, Bassa‐Dafesh Z, et al. Promoting the purchase of low‐calorie foods from school vending machines: a cluster‐randomized controlled study. Journal of School Health 2012;82(3):115‐22. - PubMed
Korwanich 2008 {published data only}
    1. Korwanich K, Sheiham A, Srisuphan W, Srisilapanan P. Promoting healthy eating in nursery schoolchildren: a quasi‐experimental intervention study. Health Education Journal 2008;67(1):16‐30.
Kral 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kral TV, Bannon AL, Moore RH. Effects of financial incentives for the purchase of healthy groceries on dietary intake and weight outcomes among older adults: A randomized pilot study. Appetite 2016;100:110‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Kubik 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kubik MY, Lytle LA, Farbakhsh K. School and district wellness councils and availability of low‐nutrient, energy‐dense vending fare in minnesota middle and high schools. Journal of The American Dietetic Association 2011;111(1):150‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Kubik 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kubik MY, Davey C, Nanney MS, MacLehose RF, Nelson TF, Coombes B. Vending and school store snack and beverage trends: Minnesota secondary schools, 2002‐2010. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;44(6):583‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Lahlou 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lahlou S, Boesen‐Mariani S, Franks B, Guelinckx I. Increasing water intake of children and parents in the family setting: a randomized, controlled intervention using installation theory. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2015;66:26‐30. - PubMed
Lao 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lao LS. Evaluation of a Social Networking Based SNAP‐Ed Nutrition Curriculum on Behavior Change [Thesis]. University of Rhode Island, 2011.
Laurence 2007 {published data only}
    1. Laurence S, Peterken R, Burns C. Fresh Kids: the efficacy of a Health Promoting Schools approach to increasing consumption of fruit and water in Australia. Health Promotion International 2007;22(3):218‐26. - PubMed
Lawman 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lawman HG, Vander Veur S, Mallya G, McCoy TA, Wojtanowski A, Colby L, et al. Changes in quantity, spending, and nutritional characteristics of adult, adolescent and child urban corner store purchases after an environmental intervention. Preventive Medicine 2015;74:81‐5. - PubMed
Lee 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lee BY, Ferguson MC, Hertenstein DL, Adam A, Zenkov E, Wang PI, et al. Simulating the impact of sugar‐sweetened beverage warning labels in three cities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018;54(2):197‐204. - PMC - PubMed
Lee‐Kwan 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lee‐Kwan SH, Bleich SN, Kim H, Colantuoni E, Gittelsohn J. Environmental intervention in carryout restaurants increases sales of healthy menu items in a low‐income urban setting. American Journal of Health Promotion 2015;29(6):357‐64. - PubMed
Leung 2014 {published data only}
    1. Leung CW, Cluggish S, Villamor E, Catalano PJ, Willett WC, Rimm EB. Few changes in food security and dietary intake from short‐term participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program among low‐income Massachusetts adults. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2014;46(1):68‐74. - PMC - PubMed
Levy 2012a {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Levy DE, Riis J, Sonnenberg LM, Barraclough SJ, Thorndike AN. Food choices of minority and low‐income employees: a cafeteria intervention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012;43(3):240‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Levy 2012b {published data only}
    1. Levy TS, Ruan CM, Castellanos CA, Coronel AS, Aguilar AJ, Gomez Humarn IM. Effectiveness of a diet and physical activity promotion strategy on the prevention of obesity in Mexican school children. BMC Public Health 2012;12(1):1‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Lo 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lo E, Coles R, Humbert ML, Polowski J, Henry CJ, Whiting SJ. Beverage intake improvement by high school students in Saskatchewan, Canada. Nutrition Research 2008;28(3):144‐50. - PubMed
Loeb 2017 {published data only}
    1. Loeb KL, Radnitz C, Keller K, Schwartz MB, Marcus S, Pierson RN, et al. The application of defaults to optimize parents' health‐based choices for children. Appetite 2017;113:368‐75. - PubMed
Looney 2012 {published data only}
    1. Looney SM, Raynor HA. Are changes in consumption of "Healthy" foods related to changes in consumption of "Unhealthy" foods during pediatric obesity treatment?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2012;9(4):1368‐78. - PMC - PubMed
Looney 2014 {published data only}
    1. Looney SM, Raynor HA. Examining the effect of three low‐intensity pediatric obesity interventions: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Pediatrics 2014;53(14):1367‐74. - PubMed
Loughridge 2005 {published data only}
    1. Loughridge JL, Barratt J. Does the provision of cooled filtered water in secondary school cafeterias increase water drinking and decrease the purchase of soft drinks?. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2005;18(4):281‐6. - PubMed
Lowe 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lowe MR, Tappe KA, Butryn ML, Annunziato RA, Coletta MC, Ochner CN, et al. An intervention study targeting energy and nutrient intake in worksite cafeterias. Eating Behaviour 2010;11(3):144‐51. - PMC - PubMed
Lowndes 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lowndes J, Kawiecki D, Pardo S, Nguyen V, Melanson KJ, Yu Z, et al. The effects of four hypocaloric diets containing different levels of sucrose or high fructose corn syrup on weight loss and related parameters. Nutrition Journal 2012;11:55. - PMC - PubMed
Luehrmann 2014 {published data only}
    1. Luehrmann P, Simpson F, Sickinger S, Fuchs T, Dohnke B. Impact of the provision of mineral water on the drinking behavior of students. Ernahrungs Umschau 2014;61(6):M298‐305.
Luger 2018 {published data only}
    1. Luger M, Winzer E, Schatzer M, Damon S, Moser N, Blagusz K, et al. Gradual reduction of free sugars in beverages on sale by implementing the beverage checklist as a public health strategy. European Journal of Public Health 2018; Vol. 28, issue 5:961‐7. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky039] - DOI - PubMed
Lumeng 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lumeng JC, Miller AL, Horodynski MA, Brophy‐Herb HE, Contreras D, Lee H, et al. Improving self‐regulation for obesity prevention in Head Start: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2017;139(5):1‐12. - PubMed
Luoto 2012 {published data only}
    1. Luoto J, Mahmud M, Albert J, Luby S, Najnin N, Unicomb L, et al. Learning to dislike safe water products: results from a randomized controlled trial of the effects of direct and peer experience on willingness to pay. Environmental Science & Technology 2012;46(11):6244‐51. - PubMed
Madjd 2015 {published data only}
    1. Madjd A, Taylor M A, Delavari A, Malekzadeh R, Macdonald IA, Farshchi HR. Beneficial effects of replacing diet beverages with water on type 2 diabetic obese women following a hypo‐energetic diet: A randomized, 24‐week clinical trial. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2017;19(1):125‐32. - PubMed
    1. Madjd A, Taylor MA, Delavari A, Malekzadeh R, Macdonald IA, Farshchi HR. Effects on weight loss in adults of replacing diet beverages with water during a hypoenergetic diet: a randomized, 24‐wk clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015;102(6):1305‐12. - PubMed
Malbon 2012 {published data only}
    1. Malbon, CA. Examining the Influence of an Online Health Behaviour Support Tool for High School Aged Youth [MSc Dissertation]. University of Victoria (Canada), 2012.
Mantzari 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mantzari E, Holl GJ, Pechey R, Jebb S, Marteau TM. Impact of bottle size on in‐home consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages: a feasibility and acceptability study. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):304. - PMC - PubMed
Marcus 2009 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Marcus C, Nyberg G, Nordenfelt A, Karpmyr M, Kowalski J, Ekelund U. A 4‐year, cluster‐randomized, controlled childhood obesity prevention study: STOPP. International Journal of Obesity 2009;33(4):408‐17. - PubMed
Maupome 2010 {published data only}
    1. Maupome G, Karanja N, Ritenbaugh C, Lutz T, Aickin M, Becker T. Dental caries in American Indian toddlers after a community‐based beverage intervention. Ethnicity & Disease 2010;20(4):444‐50. - PMC - PubMed
McDarby 2018 {published data only}
    1. McDarby F, O'Hora D, O'Shea D, Byrne M. Taking the sweetness out of the 'Share a Coke' marketing campaign: the influence of personalized labelling on elementary school children's bottled drink choices. Pediatric Obesity 2018;13(1):63‐9. - PubMed
McGoldrick 2006 {published data only}
    1. McGoldrick, KA. Sweetened Beverage Consumption of Peel Adolescents: Nutritional Correlates and Influence of the School and Neighbourhood Food Environments [MSc Dissertation]. University of Waterloo, 2006.
Mendez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mendez LA, Loopstra R, McKee M, Stuckler D. Is trade liberalisation a vector for the spread of sugar‐sweetened beverages? A cross‐national longitudinal analysis of 44 low‐ and middle‐income countries. Social Science & Medicine 2017;172:21‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Morley 2018 {published data only}
    1. Morley BC, Niven PH, Dixon HG, Swanson MG, McAleese AB, Wakefield MA. Controlled cohort evaluation of the LiveLighter mass media campaign's impact on adults' reported consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages. BMJ Open 2018;8(4):e019574. - PMC - PubMed
Morris 2016 {published data only}
    1. Morris H, Skouteris H, Edwards S, Rutherford L, Cutter‐Mackenzie‐Knowles A, O'Connor A, et al. Feasibility of conducting a randomized trial to promote healthy eating, active play and sustainability awareness in early childhood curricula. Early Child Development and Care 2016;186(11):1752‐64.
Mozaffarian 2010 {published data only}
    1. Mozaffarian RS, Wiecha JL, Roth BA, Nelson TF, Lee RM, Gortmaker SL. Impact of an organizational intervention designed to improve snack and beverage quality in YMCA after‐school programs. American Journal of Public Health 2010;100(5):925‐32. - PMC - PubMed
Namba 2013 {published data only}
    1. Namba A, Auchincloss A, Leonberg BL, Wootan MG. Exploratory analysis of fast‐food chain restaurant menus before and after implementation of local calorie‐labeling policies, 2005‐2011. Preventing Chronic Disease 2013;10:E101. - PMC - PubMed
Nanney 2016 {published data only}
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Nau 2018 {published data only}
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Neumark‐Sztainer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Neumark‐Sztainer DR, Friend SE, Flattum CF, Hannan PJ, Story MT, Bauer KW, et al. New moves‐preventing weight‐related problems in adolescent girls: A group‐randomized study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;39(5):421‐32. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Nezami BT, Ward DS, Lytle LA, Ennett ST, Tate DF. A mHealth randomized controlled trial to reduce sugar‐sweetened beverage intake in preschool‐aged children. Pediatric Obesity 2018;13(11):668‐76. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12258] - DOI - PubMed
Nollen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nollen NL, Hutcheson T, Carlson S, Rapoff M, Goggin K, Mayfield C, et al. Development and functionality of a handheld computer program to improve fruit and vegetable intake among low‐income youth. Health Education Research 2013;28(2):249‐64. - PMC - PubMed
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Okuno 2010 {published data only}
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Olvera 2010 {published data only}
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Ortega 2016 {published data only}
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    1. Patel AI, Grummon AH, Hampton KE, Oliva A, McCulloch CE, Brindis CD. A trial of the efficacy and cost of water delivery systems in San Francisco bay area middle schools, 2013. Preventing Chronic Disease 2016;13:E88. - PMC - PubMed
Pbert 2013 {published data only}
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Pinket 2016 {published data only}
    1. Pinket AS, Lippevelde W, Bourdeaudhuij I, Deforche B, Cardon G, Androutsos O, et al. Effect and process evaluation of a cluster randomized control trial on water intake and beverage consumption in preschoolers from six european countries: the Toybox‐study. PLoS One 2016;11(4):19. - PMC - PubMed
Policastro 2017 {published data only}
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Reinhold 2015 {published data only}
    1. Reinhold MM. Exploring the Reach and Representativeness of Participants Enrolled in a Behavioral Intervention Targeting Sugar‐Sweetened Beverage Consumption [Thesis]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2015.
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    1. Roberto CA, Wong D, Musicus A, Hammond D. The influence of sugar‐sweetened beverage health warning labels on parents' choices. Pediatrics 2016;137(2):1‐12. - PubMed
Rodriguez‐Cano 2015 {published data only}
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    1. Rogers VW, Hart PH, Motyka E, Rines EN, Vine J, Deatrick DA. Impact of Let's Go! 5‐2‐1‐0: a community‐based, multisetting childhood obesity prevention program. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2013;38(9):1010‐20. - PubMed
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    1. Safdie M, Levesque L, Gonzalez‐Casanova Is, Salvo D, Islas A, Hernández‐Cordero S, et al. Promoting healthful diet and physical activity in the Mexican school system for the prevention of obesity in children. Salud Publica de Mexico 2013;55:357‐73. - PubMed
Sanchez‐Vaznaugh 2010 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

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NCT02996422 {published data only}
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NCT03069274 {published data only}
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NCT03518151 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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