. 2019 Aug:142:57-65.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.005. Epub 2019 Jun 10.

Associations of depression severity with heart rate and heart rate variability in young adults across normative and clinical populations

Laura M Lesnewich¹, Fiona N Conway², Jennifer F Buckman³, Christopher J Brush⁴, Peter J Ehmann⁵, David Eddie⁶, Ryan L Olson⁷, Brandon L Alderman⁸, Marsha E Bates⁹

Affiliations

¹ Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. Electronic address: laura.lesnewich@rutgers.edu.
² Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Boulevard, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Electronic address: fiona.conway@utexas.edu.
³ Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: jbuckman@rutgers.edu.
⁴ Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: c.j.brush@rutgers.edu.
⁵ Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: peter.ehmann@rutgers.edu.
⁶ Recovery Research Institute, Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 151 Merrimac Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Electronic address: deddie@mgh.harvard.edu.
⁷ Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, 1921 Chestnut Street, Denton, TX 76203, USA. Electronic address: ryan.olson@unt.edu.
⁸ Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: alderman@kines.rutgers.edu.
⁹ Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: mebates@smithers.rutgers.edu.

PMID: 31195066
PMCID: PMC6690725
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.005

Associations of depression severity with heart rate and heart rate variability in young adults across normative and clinical populations

Laura M Lesnewich et al. Int J Psychophysiol. 2019 Aug.

. 2019 Aug:142:57-65.

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.005. Epub 2019 Jun 10.

Authors

Laura M Lesnewich¹, Fiona N Conway², Jennifer F Buckman³, Christopher J Brush⁴, Peter J Ehmann⁵, David Eddie⁶, Ryan L Olson⁷, Brandon L Alderman⁸, Marsha E Bates⁹

Affiliations

¹ Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. Electronic address: laura.lesnewich@rutgers.edu.
² Steve Hicks School of Social Work, University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Boulevard, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Electronic address: fiona.conway@utexas.edu.
³ Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: jbuckman@rutgers.edu.
⁴ Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: c.j.brush@rutgers.edu.
⁵ Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: peter.ehmann@rutgers.edu.
⁶ Recovery Research Institute, Center for Addiction Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 151 Merrimac Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Electronic address: deddie@mgh.harvard.edu.
⁷ Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, 1921 Chestnut Street, Denton, TX 76203, USA. Electronic address: ryan.olson@unt.edu.
⁸ Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: alderman@kines.rutgers.edu.
⁹ Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 70 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. Electronic address: mebates@smithers.rutgers.edu.

PMID: 31195066
PMCID: PMC6690725
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.06.005

Abstract

Limitations of current depression treatments may arise from a lack of knowledge about unique psychophysiological processes that contribute to depression across the full range of presentations. This study examined how individual variations in heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are related to depressive symptoms across normative and clinical populations in 152 young adults (aged 18-35 years). Moderating effects of sex and antidepressant medication status were considered. Electrocardiogram data were collected during "vanilla" baseline and in response to positive and negative emotional cues. Linear regressions and repeated-measures mixed models were used to assess the relationships between Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) scores, sex, antidepressant use, and cardiovascular outcomes. Baseline models yielded significant main effects of BDI-II and sex on HR and significant interactions between antidepressant medication status and BDI-II on HRV outcomes. The main effects of BDI-II and sex on HR were no longer significant after controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. Participants who denied current antidepressant use (n = 137) exhibited a negative association and participants who endorsed current antidepressant (n = 15) use exhibited a positive association between BDI-II scores and HRV. Emotional reactivity models were largely non-significant with the exception of a significant main effect of antidepressant medication status on high-frequency HRV reactivity. Results indicated antidepressant medication use may moderate the relationship between depression severity and cardiovascular functioning, but this requires replication given the modest proportion of medicated individuals in this study. Overall, findings suggest cardiovascular processes and cardiorespiratory fitness are linked to depression symptomatology and may be important to consider in depression treatment.

Keywords: Antidepressant medications; Cardiovascular; Emotional reactivity; Mood; Sex differences.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations of interest: none

Figures

**Figure 1**
Significant (p < 0.05) main effect of BDI-II on baseline HR; this effect was no longer significant after controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness.

**Figure 2**
Significant (p < 0.01) BDI-II x antidepressants interaction on baseline SDNN (natural log-transformed)

**Figure 3**
Significant (p < 0.01) BDI-II x antidepressants interaction on baseline HF-HRV (natural log-transformed)

**Figure 4**
Significant (p < 0.05) main effect of antidepressant medication status on vagal reactivity to emotional cues. The antidepressant x valence interaction was not significant, thus these data were collapsed across cue valence

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Associations of depression severity with heart rate and heart rate variability in young adults across normative and clinical populations

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Associations of depression severity with heart rate and heart rate variability in young adults across normative and clinical populations

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