Middle molecule elimination in expanded haemodialysis: only convective transport?

Abstract

Background: New high-retention onset dialysers have shown improved efficacy in the elimination of uraemic toxins, and their depurative capacity has been compared with high convective volumes of online haemodiafiltration. Haemodialysis (HD) using high-flux membranes leads to convective transport by internal filtration [direct filtration (DF)/backfiltration (BF)] and allows the removal of middle molecules (MMs). The aim of this study was to assess solute transport mechanisms in expanded HD (HDx).

Methods: In 14 4-h HDx sessions with Theranova-500 dialysers under similar dialysis conditions (blood flow 400 mL/min, dialysate flow 700 mL/min, dialysate temperature 35.5°C), pressures at the inlet and outlet of both dialyser compartments (P _bi, P _bo, P _di and P _do) were collected hourly to estimate DF/BF volumes by semi-empirical methods. Uraemic toxins with various molecular weights were measured pre-dialysis, at 1 h (pre-filter and post-filter) and post-dialysis to calculate molecules' reduction over time and dialyser in vivo clearances.

Results: Ultrafiltration was 1.47 ± 0.9 L and Kt/V 1.74 ± 0.3. Hydrodynamic data (P _bi: 259 ± 39, P _bo: 155 ± 27, P _di: 271 ± 30, P _do: 145 ± 29 mmHg and oncotic pressure 22.0 ± 3.5 mmHg) allowed the estimation of DF/BF rates. DF flow ranged from 29.5 ± 4.2 to 31.3 ± 3.9 mL/min and BF flow ranged from 25.1 ± 2.3 to 23.4 ± 2.6 mL/min. The highest calculated DF volume was 7506.8 ± 935.3 mL/session. Diffusive clearances (K _d) of all solutes were higher than their convective transport (all P < 0.001) except for prolactin (23 kDa) clearances, which showed no differences. Total clearances of all solutes were correlated with their K _d (ρ = 0.899-0.987, all P < 0.001) and Kt/V correlated with all reduction rates (ρ = 0.661-0.941, P = 0.010 to <0.001). DF flow was only associated with urea (ρ = -0.793, P = 0.001), creatinine (ρ = -0.675, P = 0.008) and myoglobin clearance (ρ = 0.653, P = 0.011).

Conclusion: Results suggest that diffusive transport is a main mechanism of MM elimination in HDx. HDx offers an efficient depuration of MM without the need for high convective volumes.

Keywords: backfiltration; expanded haemodialysis (HDx); high-retention onset (HRO); medium cut-off (MCO); middle molecules.

FIGURE 1

Blood and dialysate pressures along the device (upper graphs), transmembrane pressure profile along the axial axis (middle graphs) and estimated convective volumes obtained from each semi-empirical model (lower tables).

FIGURE 2

Total, convective and diffusive clearances. (A) Measurements at 60 min; (B) overall clearances.