Processed Foods and Nutrition Transition in the Pacific: Regional Trends, Patterns and Food System Drivers

Abstract

Background: The role of processed foods in nutrition transition in the Pacific is receiving some attention in the context of a significant obesity and diet-related noncommunicable disease health burden. However, trends, patterns and underlying drivers of processed food markets in the Pacific are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate recent trends and patterns of processed food markets in the region and interpret the findings by engaging key literature on relevant food systems drivers.

Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods approach involving two steps; (1) We analysed Euromonitor market sales data for processed food and beverage products sold from 2004-2018 for 16 countries differentiated by income level, and (2) guided by a food systems conceptual framework, we drew upon key literature to understand the likely drivers of our observations.

Results: We observed plateaus and declines in processed food sales in some high-income countries but increases in upper-middle and lower-middle income countries, and most rapidly in the latter. Beverage markets appear to be stagnating across all income groups. Carbonated soft drinks, baked goods, vegetable oils, processed meats, noodles and sweet biscuits made up the majority of sales in transitioning countries. These observations are likely a result of income growth, urbanising populations, trade and globalisation, and various policies implemented by Pacific governments.

Conclusions: A processed foods nutrition transition is well underway in the Pacific region and accelerating most prominently in lower-middle income countries.

Keywords: Pacific Islands; noncommunicable diseases; nutrition transition; processed foods.

Figure 1

Per capita processed food sales in (A) high-income, (B) upper-middle income and (C) lower-middle income Pacific island countries, 2004–2018. Note: Different scales are used for each graph to demonstrate granularity in product categories; categories are ranked from highest (bottom) to lowest (top) volume and align with the same product category order in the figure keys.

Figure 1

Per capita processed food sales in (A) high-income, (B) upper-middle income and (C) lower-middle income Pacific island countries, 2004–2018. Note: Different scales are used for each graph to demonstrate granularity in product categories; categories are ranked from highest (bottom) to lowest (top) volume and align with the same product category order in the figure keys.

Figure 2

Per capita soft drink sales in Pacific island countries, 2004–2018, by country income level.

Figure 3

Per capita vegetable oil sales in Pacific island countries, 2004–2018, by country income level.