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Review
. 2019 May 3;5(5):FSO394.
doi: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0017.

The effects of cigarette smoking extracts on cell cycle and tumor spread: novel evidence

Aldo Pezzuto  1 , Fabrizio Citarella  2 , Ivana Croghan  3 , Giuseppe Tonini  2
Affiliations
Review

The effects of cigarette smoking extracts on cell cycle and tumor spread: novel evidence

Aldo Pezzuto et al. Future Sci OA. .

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is a major preventable risk factor for lung cancer, contributing to lung cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, cigarette smoking correlates with increased metastasis frequency of pancreatic, breast and bladder cancer. The aim of this review was to examine the role of cigarette smoke extract in cell cycle and cancer progression. Clinical impact and the effects of cigarette smoke extract on carcinogenesis are discussed. 98 of the over 5000 chemicals in tobacco smoke are known carcinogens that can act on cancer genes such as K-RAS and p53. Through various mechanisms these compounds can activate molecules involved in the cell cycle, such as cyclins, and molecules involved in apoptosis and autophagy, such as Beclin-1 or LC3B. A search of the literature, including in vitro and in vivo studies, was carried out and the results summarized.

Keywords: apoptosis; autophagy; cancerization; carcinogenesis; cell cycle; cigarette smoke extracts; inflammation; invasion; metastasis; promotion.

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Conflict of interest statement

Financial & competing interests disclosure The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

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