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Review
. 2019 May 31:6:78.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00078. eCollection 2019.

Technological Aspects of the Production of Fructo and Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Gonçalo N Martins  1 , Maria Micaela Ureta  2 , E Elizabeth Tymczyszyn  3 , Paula C Castilho  1 , Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia  2
Affiliations
Review

Technological Aspects of the Production of Fructo and Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Enzymatic Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Gonçalo N Martins et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides (FOS and GOS) are non-digestible oligosaccharides with prebiotic properties that can be incorporated into a wide number of products. This review details the general outlines for the production of FOS and GOS, both by enzymatic synthesis using disaccharides or other substrates, and by hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Special emphasis is laid on technological aspects, raw materials, properties, and applications.

Keywords: alternative substrates; enzymatic synthesis; fructo-oligosaccharides; galacto-oligosaccharides; hydrolysis; properties and applications.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Simplified scheme for the enzymatic synthesis of FOS through transfructosylation reactions.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Scheme of the hydrolysis of inulin using endo-inulinase as biocatalyst. Each initial GFn yields one fructooligosaccharide and several inulo-oligosaccharides.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Reaction mechanism for the hydrolysis and transglycosylation of lactose by β-galactosidase. (i) The lactose molecule on the active site of the enzyme forms an acyl-enzyme complex with liberation of glucose; (ii) The enzyme-galactose complex, can react with carbohydrate molecules.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Structures of α-GOS with (Raffinose family, RFO) and without a terminal fructose.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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