Pregnancy outcome in Refsum disease: Affected fetuses and children born to an affected mother

Abstract

We describe the case of a young woman, from a consanguineous family, affected by adult Refsum disease (ARD, OMIM#266500). ARD is a rare peroxisomal autosomal recessive disease due to deficient alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid (PA), a branched-chain fatty acid. The accumulation of PA in organs is thought to be responsible for disease symptoms. The patient presented only bilateral shortening of metatarsals and has been treated with a low-PA diet. She is homoallelic for the c.135-2A > G mutation of PHYH, and she married her first cousin carrying the same mutation. She was pregnant seven times and had two homozygous girls. Due to a potential exacerbation of the disease during the third trimester of pregnancy, her weight and plasma PA levels were monitored. No specific events were noticed for the mother during the pregnancies and postpartum periods. This case also raised the question of potential exposure to PA (and its subsequent toxicity) of a homozygous fetus in a homozygous mother. Despite modestly elevated plasma concentrations of PA at birth (<30 μmol/L), the two affected girls did not present any specific sign of ARD and have so far developed normally. As only a few determinations of plasma PA levels in the mother could be performed during pregnancies, showing mild elevations (<350 μmol/L), it remains difficult to conclude as to a possible transplacental crossing of PA.

Keywords: Refsum disease; peroxisome; phytanic acid; pregnancy.

Figure 1

Patient's family pedigree. Plasma PA levels in the various family members are also indicated. NA, not available

Figure 2

Plasma PA levels in the female patient (I‐1). All pregnancies (P) are numbered (horizontal bars). Arrows indicate the highest values recorded during pregnancies