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. 2019 Jun 25;9(6):121.
doi: 10.3390/metabo9060121.

Metabolomic Variability of Different Genotypes of Cashew by LC-Ms and Correlation with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool for Fast Phenotyping

Elenilson Alves Filho  1 , Lorena Mara Silva  2 , Ynayara Lima  3 , Paulo Ribeiro  4 , Ebenézer Silva  5 , Guilherme Zocolo  6 , Kirley Canuto  7 , Selene Morais  8 , Ana Cecília Castro  9 , Edy de Brito  10
Affiliations

Metabolomic Variability of Different Genotypes of Cashew by LC-Ms and Correlation with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool for Fast Phenotyping

Elenilson Alves Filho et al. Metabolites. .

Abstract

The objective of the present work was to develop an advanced fast phenotyping tool to explore the cashew apple compositions from different genotypes, based on a portable near-infrared (MicroNIR) spectroscopy. This will be in addition to associating the variability of the respective cashew apple pulps with the genotypes by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The NIR analysis is a non-destructive, low-cost procedure that provides prompt results, while considering the morphology of different cashew apples (shape, size, and color). The UPLC-HRMS analysis is characterized by specific bioactive compounds, such as the derivatives of hydroxybutanoic acid, galloyl, and flavonoids. Furthermore, both techniques allowed the identification of a group of accessions, which presented similarities among the chemical profiling. However, to improve the understanding of cashew chemical and physical variability, further variables related to the cashew apple composition, such as edaphoclimatic conditions, should be considered for future studies. These approaches lead to the conclusion that these two tools are useful for the maintenance of BAG-Caju (Cashew Germplasm Bank) and for the cashew-breeding program.

Keywords: Anacardium occidentale; NIR; UPLC-HRMS; chemometrics; fast phenotyping.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Three-dimensional (3D) dendrogram (sample × wavelength from MicroNIR × intensity) representing the chemical composition similarity relationships among the genotypes.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Spectral average (black line) of the MicroNIR spectra from different genotypes of cashew. The relevant absorbance selected by the iPLS model (green) for the genotype discrimination based on (a) °Brix and (b) total acidity.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Principal component analysis (PCA) multivariate analysis of UPLC-HRMS data from cashew apple pulps of different genotypes: a) PC1 × PC2 scores coordinate system for the cashew apple pulps from different genotypes; b) respective loadings plotted in lines form. The samples were assigned symbols according to the clustering tendency: blue triangles for negative values of PC1 and PC2; red squares for positive values of PC1 and negative values of PC2; black stars for positive values of PC1 and PC2; green circles for positive values of PC2. The samples that did not present relevant results were symbolized by gray circles.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Relative contributions of the isotopic forms in chromatograms (UPLC-HRMS) for the compounds at retention times of 1.60, 2.82, 3.23, 3.82, and 4.25 min.
Figure 5
Figure 5
PLS-DA classification model of UPLC-HRMS data from cashew apple pulps of different genotypes: (a) LV1 × LV2 × LV3 scores 3D plot; (b) respective loadings potted in lines form (b) from PLS-DA for classification of the cashew apple pulps. Legend: 1-galloylhexose I (1.60 min); 2-digalloylhexoside I (2.82 min); 3-hydroxybutanoic acid ethyl ester-hexoside (3.28 min); 4-myricetin-3-O-glucoside (3.83 min); and 5-myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (4.25 min).
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