Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Observational Study
. 2019 Jun 26;11(7):1443.
doi: 10.3390/nu11071443.

Growth, Feeding Tolerance and Metabolism in Extreme Preterm Infants under an Exclusive Human Milk Diet

Fabian Eibensteiner  1 , Lorenz Auer-Hackenberg  2 , Bernd Jilma  3 , Margarita Thanhaeuser  4 , Martin Wald  5 , Nadja Haiden  6
Affiliations
Observational Study

Growth, Feeding Tolerance and Metabolism in Extreme Preterm Infants under an Exclusive Human Milk Diet

Fabian Eibensteiner et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background: For preterm infants, human milk (HM) has to be fortified to cover their enhanced nutritional requirements and establish adequate growth. Most HM fortifiers are based on bovine protein sources (BMF). An HM fortifier based on human protein sources (HMF) has become available in the last few years. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of an HMF versus BMF on growth in extremely low birth weight (ELBW, <1000 g) infants.

Methods: This was a retrospective, controlled, multicenter cohort study in infants with a birthweight below 1000 g. The HMF group received an exclusive HM diet up to 32+0 weeks of gestation and was changed to BMF afterwards. The BMF group received HM+BMF from fortifier introduction up to 37+0 weeks.

Results: 192 extremely low birth weight (ELBW)-infants were included (HMF n = 96, BMF n = 96) in the study. After the introduction of fortification, growth velocity up to 32+0 weeks was significantly lower in the HMF group (16.5 g/kg/day) in comparison to the BMF group (18.9 g/kg/day, p = 0.009) whereas all other growth parameters did not differ from birth up to 37+0 weeks. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) incidence was 10% in the HMF and 8% in the BMF group.

Conclusion: Results from this study do not support the superiority of HFM over BMF in ELBW infants.

Keywords: ELBW-infants; exclusive human milk diet; feeding tolerance; fortification of human milk; growth velocity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Feeding regimen of the study groups. *) GA = gestational age corrected for prematurity; HM = Human milk, BMF = bovine based fortifier, HMF = human milk-based fortifier.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of absolute weight and growth velocities between groups.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Differences in gastrointestinal tolerance during fortifier introduction and fortifier transition between groups.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Agostoni C., Buonocore G., Carnielli V.P., De Curtis M., Darmaun D., Decsi T., Domellöf M., Embleton N.D., Fusch C., Genzel-Boroviczeny O., et al. Enteral nutrient supply for preterm infants: Commentary from the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2010;50:85–91. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181adaee0. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Horbar J.D., Ehrenkranz R.A., Badger G.J., Edwards E.M., Morrow K.A., Soll R.F., Buzas J.S., Bertino E., Gagliardi L., Bellù R., et al. Weight Growth Velocity and Postnatal Growth Failure in Infants 501 to 1500 Grams: 2000–2013. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e84–e92. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-0129. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Nutrition AAoPCo Nutritional needs of Low-Birth-Weight Infants. Pediatrics. 1977;60:519–530. - PubMed
    1. Nutrition AAoPCo Nutritional Needs of Low-Birth-Weight Infants. Pediatrics. 1985;75:976–986. - PubMed
    1. Section on Breastfeeding Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2012;129:e827–e841. doi: 10.1542/peds.2011-3552. - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms